FDES: Chapter 2 Conceptual Foundation and Structure Understand you are more expert than I in some topics. I’m a generalist. I know less and less about more and more. Feel free to ask questions of clarification. Save the technical discussions for discussions and coffee breaks. FDES: Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics

Outline Level 1 (20 min) 1. Need, revision, description 2. Conceptual foundations 3. Structure and overview Group exercise (30 min) Level 2 (30 min) 4. Applications 5. Links to socio-economic Group discussion (10 min) See link to YouTube video… FDES Chapter 2

Learning objectives Level 1 Level 2 Understand the concepts of FDES manual Understand the need for a framework Learn to describe your data Level 2 Understand applications and links All of these sessions are simply an introduction to the manual. They are not a substitute. Consider the manual as your Textbook! FDES Chapter 2

What is a framework? FDES: “A structure that includes the relationship amongst a set of assumptions, concepts, and practices that establish an approach for accomplishing a stated objective or objectives.” (http://www.openness-project.eu/glossary) FDES: Structure: Concepts, classifications  measurement Assumptions: Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses Concepts: Environment-Economy-Society linkages  Components Practices: Methods, measures, institutions Objectives: Support agencies in collecting, harmonizing and producing coherent environment statistics FDES Chapter 2

Why a framework? Define scope of environment statistics Provide common tools Define roles of stakeholders to build a common platform International framework allows comparison and common tools [Could add another linking FDES to SDGs) FDES Chapter 2

Revisions FDES 1984 required updating UN Statistical Commission endorsed revised FDES (2013) Recognizing its importance to 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development FDES 2014 adds: Better scientific knowledge Core set of environment statistics Links to SEEA You need to be a bit of an ecologist, environmental scientist, geographer, economist, sociologist…It’s not easy! You need to work with other agencies: Not many statistics agencies directly count trees, birds, pollution, coal reserves… FDES: Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics FDES Chapter 2

Descriptions Flexible, multi-purpose conceptual and statistical framework Structure to collect and organize Comprehensive and integrative Scope: Biophysical and human Audience: Environment statistics programmes (National Statistical Offices and National Statistical Systems) Users: Data providers, compilers and users [Could structure this] FDES Chapter 2

Conceptual foundation The Human sub-system (society and economy) exist within and as a part of the environment. To understand and measure the interactions, we also need to understand the related processes in each. FDES Chapter 2

Conceptual foundations Natural processes and human activities change environmental conditions over time. These changes, in turn, result in impacts on the Human sub- system. FDES Chapter 2

FDES Structures 6 Components Multi-level: Component Sub-component Topic Statistics FDES Chapter 2

FDES Structure FDES Chapter 2

FDES Components (Chapter 3) Component 1: Environmental conditions and quality 1.1 Physical conditions 1.2 Land cover, ecosystems and biodiversity 1.3 Environmental quality Examples of Core Set Statistics This is in the middle because it supports everything else… Examples??? Conditions, ecosystems, biodiversity, quality… FDES Chapter 2

FDES Components (Chapter 3) Component 2: Environmental resources and their use 2.1 Mineral resources 2.2 Energy resources 2.3 Land 2.4 Soil 2.5 Biological resources 2.6 Water resources Examples of Core Set Statistics Examples? FDES Chapter 2

FDES Components (Chapter 3) Component 3: Residuals 3.1 Emissions to air 3.2 Generation & management of wastewater 3.3 Generation & management of waste 3.4 Release of chemical substances Examples of Core Set Statistics Examples? FDES Chapter 2

FDES Components (Chapter 3) Component 4: Extreme events and disasters 4.1 Natural extreme events & disasters 4.2 Technological disasters Examples of Core Set Statistics Examples? FDES Chapter 2

FDES Components (Chapter 3) Component 5: Human habitat and environmental health 5.1 Human settlements 5.2 Environmental health Examples of Core Set Statistics Examples? FDES Chapter 2

FDES Components (Chapter 3) Component 6: Environment protection, management and engagement 6.1 Environment protection & resource management expenditure 6.2 Environment governance & regulation 6.3 Extreme event preparedness & disaster management 6.4. Environment information & awareness Examples of Core Set Statistics Examples? FDES Chapter 2

Group exercise Groups of 3-4 15 minutes to prepare Select the SAME dataset or “statistical activity” you chose for the Chapter 1 exercise [See Inventory Template] Describe one statistic that is derived from it [4.1.1] Assign it to its FDES Component and Sub-component [1.6] What classifications does it use? [2.2.3] What is the frequency of the output data? [4.3.3] What is the geographic scope? [4.2.1] Report (somebody else): 2 minutes! Need to change references to inventory! FDES Chapter 2

Welcome to Level 2! Links to SDGs From Basic set to Core set (Chapter 4) Applications (Chapter 5) Links to socio-economic Group discussion (10 min) FDES Chapter 2

Links to SDGs FDES Chapter 2

Links to SDGs FDES Chapter 2

Links to SDGs FDES Chapter 2

Links to SDGs FDES Chapter 2

Links to SDGs FDES Chapter 2

Links to SDGs - Summary ü FDES Component SDG 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 No Poverty No Hunger Good Health Quality Education Gender Equality Clean Water and Sanitation Renewable Energy Good Jobs and Economic Growth Innovation and Infrastructure Reduced Inequalities Sustainable Cities and Communities Responsible Consumption Climate Action Life Below Water Life on Land Peace and Justice Partnerships for the Goals 1. Environmental conditions and quality   ü 2. Environmental resources and their use 3. Residuals 4. Extreme events and disasters 5. Human habitat and environmental health 6. Environment protection, management and engagement FDES Chapter 2

Links to SDGs - Summary 1. Environmental conditions and quality 2. Environmental resources and their use 3. Residuals 4. Extreme events and disasters 5. Human habitat and environmental health 6. Environment protection, management and engagement FDES Chapter 2

From Basic set to Core set (Chapter 4) Tier 1 (Core set) Tier 2 Tier 3 Number of statistics 100 200 158 Relevance High Medium Depends on context Resources and time required Low Methodology Very good Good Needs testing Priority Short term (1-2 years) Medium term (3-5 years) Long term (5-10 years) FDES Chapter 2

Applications (FDES Chapter 5) Cross-cutting policy issues Sustainable development Climate change Green economy Agriculture and the environment Water and the environment Energy and the environment Others? FDES Chapter 2

Sustainable development! Weak sustainability: Maintain sum of capitals (produced, human and natural) Strong sustainability: Maintain minimum of each capital (e.g., ecosystems, critical natural capital) Natural capital (FDES 1, 2; SEEA-CF): Renewable: “sustainable” if: [use, degradation, depletion] < renewable supply Non-renewable: “sustainable” if: resource life < expected substitute e.g., freshwater is “renewable” (precipitation) use is “sustainable” if amount used < precipitation Not in FDES FDES Chapter 2

“Green” economy Technological change to reduce impacts Environmental Goods and Services Sector (SEEA-CF) Environmental Protection Expenditures (FDES 6.1; SEEA-CF) Environmental performance of economy and population (consumption, production, pollution, change) Resource productivity (energy, water, carbon, pollution) (FDES 2; SEEA- CF Material Flows) Not in FDES FDES Chapter 2

Climate change Climate process drivers Climate change 1.1 Environmental quality 1.3.1 Air quality 3.1 Emissions to Air 3.1.1 Emissions of GHGs Climate change 1.1 Physical conditions 1.1.1 Atmosphere, climate 4.1 Natural extreme events Impacts & vulnerability 1.1 Physical conditions 1.2 Land cover, ecosystems and biodiversity 1.3 Environmental quality 2.3 Land 4.1 Natural extreme events 5.1 Human settlements 5.2 Environmental health Mitigation & adaptation 2.2 Energy resources 6.1 Environmental protection 6.2 Governance and regulation 6.3 Extreme event preparedness 6.4 Environment information & awareness FDES Chapter 2

Agriculture and the environment PRODUCTION 2.5 Biological resources - 2.5.3 Crops (harvested) - 2.5.4 Livestock (slaughtered) RESIDUALS 3.1 Emissions to Air 3.2 Wastewater 3.3 Waste INPUTS 2.5 Biological resources - 2.5.3 Crops (Fertilizers) - 2.5.4 Livestock (Pesticides) Other areas not specific to Agriculture See also: SEEA-Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries FDES Chapter 2

Water and the environment Freshwater as a commodity: Drinking, cleaning, cooling, incorporation into products, substrate for human activities (FDES 2) Water as an ecosystem (freshwater, coastal, marine): Cultural and spiritual services (FDES 1) Water provides regulation and maintenance services: Purification, carbon sequestration (FDES 1) Not in FDES FDES Chapter 2

Energy and the environment Non-renewable: Extraction, processing, consumption impacts (FDES 2) Renewable: Infrastructure, processing, consumption impacts (FDES 2) Consumption: Efficiency (FDES 2) Not in FDES FDES Chapter 2

No framework covers all  Link them! Environment indicator frameworks (DPSIR, MDGs, SDGs, SDI, issue-based) SEEA Environment-Economy Accounting SNA Economy FDES Environment Statistics No framework covers everything! Use existing classifications to link. Social data Environment data Economic data DPSIR = Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses MDGs = Millennium Development Goals SDGs = Sustainable Development Goals SDI = Sustainable Development Indicators SEEA = System of Environmental-Economic Accounting SNA = System of National Accounts FDES Chapter 2

Environment accounts and statistics SEEA-CF (Central Framework) Assets Physical flows Monetary flows Minerals & Energy, Land, Timber, Soil, Water, Aquatic, Other Biological Materials, Energy, Water, Emissions, Effluents, Wastes Protection expenditures, taxes & subsidies SEEA Water; SEEA Energy; SEEA Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Add sector detail As above for Water Energy Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries SEEA-EEA (Experimental Ecosystem Accounting) Adds spatial detail and ecosystem perspective Extent, Condition, Ecosystem Services, Carbon, Water, Biodiversity FDES (Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics) Basic statistics for above plus… Extreme events and disasters Human settlements and health Protection, management & engagement Six SEEA accounts are required in EU Countries by legislation: Air emissions, material flows, energy, EPE, EGSS, taxes & subsidies, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Environmental_accounts_-_establishing_the_links_between_the_environment_and_the_economy The SNA 2008 is 722 pages The SEEA-CF is only 346 The SEEA-EEA is only 198 ESCAP - Environment Statistics Overview

Discussion What “frameworks” are used in your country in: Statistical offices? Environment and natural resource departments? How do they link to FDES? Which component/sub-component? What’s missing? (equity/access to resources, distribution of impacts…) Take home exercise: Choose one SDG Target (pick a card from prepared cards); (see FDES Chapter 2 Exercise - Linking FDES to SDGs(4per).PDF) By the end of the week describe which FDES Components, sub-components, topics could be used to address this Target. FDES Chapter 2

Individual Exercise Take one SDG indicator card from the box. Over next 3 days, look for which FDES Components/sub- components address this. Write on the card We will post and discuss on Day 3 5.1 Human settlements FDES Chapter 2

References FDES: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/fdes.htm SEEA-CF: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/SEEA_CF_Final_en.pdf SEEA-Energy: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeae/chapterList.asp SEEA-Water: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaw/seeawaterwebversion.pdf SEEA-Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/aff/2GC_Draft.pdf SEEA-EEA (Experimental Ecosystem Accounting): http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaRev/eea_final_en.pdf FDES Chapter 2

Acknowledgements Materials prepared by: Materials adapted from: Michael Bordt Regional Adviser on Environment Statistics ESCAP Statistics Division bordt@un.org Materials adapted from: UNSD (Environment Statistics) FDES presentations: Tanzania: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/unsd_EAC_Project.html Togo: http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/unsd_TogoWorkshop.ht ml (aussi en Français) FDES Chapter 2

FDES and social and economic statistics Structured to link with social and economic domains SNA: System of National Accounts SEEA: System of Environmental-Economic Accounting DPSIR: Drivers, Pressures, State, Impact, Response MDGs: Millennium Development Goals SDGs: Sustainable Development Goals SDI: Sustainable Development Indicator frameworks Uses existing statistical classifications (when available)  Facilitates integration FDES Chapter 2