Four-step approach (3): Select adaptaton measures During the ToT we asked the participants to work in groups and put together all relevant information for their specific topic (water, climate, agriculture, governance, society and economy) and present it to their colleagues

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The four-step approach: the basic adaptation planning process The systematic process deals with all questions relevant for planning adaptation Going one step at a time avoids mental blocks due to the over-complex challenge Four steps Assess Vulnerability Identify adaptation options Select adaptation measures Develop an M&E framework

Rationale Objective Importance Third step of planning adaptation The adaptation strategy should be made up of complementary elements and ensure an effective reduction of climate change risks, and coherence with the priorities and practical constraints of a given situation. At this stage you therefore evaluate alternative adaptation options and come up with a set of deliberately chosen adaptation measures. Importance Decision point for action

Criteria-guided decision making Reasons for criteria-guided decision making Transparency (Why was this specific option selected?) Accountability (e.g. prepares for M&E) …  The way criteria are selected and employed influences the final result!

Possible criteria The OECD guidance suggests the following criteria Effectiveness Costs Feasibility Other criteria political and social acceptance urgency biodiversity friendliness no regrets alignment with funding requirements » Criteria: refer to box in Training Manual for more criteria Make sure that all people have a good understanding of the terms  refer to Glossary! Effectiveness: the extent to which the adaptation measure reduces vulnerability and provides other benefits. Cost: includes investment cost as well as cost over time such as operation and maintenance costs, reconstruction costs etc.. Feasibility: answers the question, whether the necessary legal, administrative, financial, technical etc. resources exist. Adaptations that can be implemented under the current operational framework will usually be favoured.

Exercise (1) Context Exhibits Continue work in adaptation advisory group of State Water Authority (SWA)  your working group Limited funds need to be channelled to strategic investments to improve water management under climate change. The adaptation advisory group is now asked to suggest a selection of the most relevant adaptation options: effectively reduce climate change risks make use of climate change opportunities remain within scope of SWA Exhibits Box on possible selection criteria

Exercise (2) Your task Use Matrix 9: In column I fill in adaptation options from Module 4 column I In columns L, M, N, O, P discuss the selection criteria and develop a meaningful set consider each option (I) using the criteria, and score them by using ++ / + / 0 / - / -- In column Q evaluate the options Q If too many options have similar evaluations, you might think of introducing another criterion or weighing the criteria (e.g. criterion 3 ‘feasibility’ x2) Reconsider from the ‘bird’s eye perspective’, whether the results make sense. Do they address the range of key risks? Would they be effective together? Do they overlap or complement each other?

Exercise (3) Results Logistics (please specify) Case work* Presentation of results (please specify how)* Reflection* *Please use your own examples here. *Please use your own examples here.

Example for M3 – M5 Context Polokwane, capital of Limpopo Province in north-eastern South Africa, has insufficient water to meet its needs Economy and population of Polokwane are growing, especially with growing agriculture and mining sectors Limpopo and Olifants Rivers require minimum flow levels to protect biodiversity and tourism Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf

Baseline water programs South Africa government’s Department of Water Affairs and Forests (DWAF) planning to divert water from Olifants Basin to support Polokwane Ongoing USAID support for investments and programs to reduce water demand and improve water use efficiency The Urban Institute also funded to assess Polokwane water infrastructure needs over 10 years Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf

Adaptation strategies considered Demand management: water sharing agreements, water trading, water market, water valuation, water use policy at local level, and enhance groundwater recharge Improved technology: reservoir operation, flood plain management, infrastructure design, hydro-climate monitoring Improved policy and education: district demand management, reallocation of water rights (rural-urban), education campaigns to improve water use habits, cooperative governance, legislation to improve water use efficiency, enforcement of water rights and use policies Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf

Analysis conducted Climate and demand change by 2050 Impacts Water demand to triple due to increasing population Temps increase, with rainfall projections showing -30% to a slight increase Impacts A 10% reduction in precipitation + temperature changes  50% decrease in runoff, and similar decrease in water availability If runoff increased, existing dam infrastructure would not be capable of capturing higher yields Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf

Prioritise measures Example – Polokwane, South Africa (USAID) Option Effectiveness Cost Technical feasibility Social & cul-tural Feasibility Speed Water conservation, demand management High Low Level of service/future Medium Recycling urban water Reallocation of dam yield Conjunctive use Expand well fields Build new dam Harvest rainwater + + + + + + + + Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf

Selected strategy Reducing water demand with a combination of technological improvements (reducing leaks and water pressure in supply system) and policy to improve water use efficiency Water recycling could be increased, and water could be reallocated to meet urban needs if needed Little interest in costly projects such as additional dams that might be unnecessary depending on future conditions Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf

Results Project led to fusion of the national and local water infrastructure planning projects Increased government interest in demand management approaches DWAF added a chapter on climate change to Olifants Management Report Report is used by regional and national government, provides planning analysis for next 50 years Source: USAID 2008, http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADM428.pdf

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