Population and Migration Unit 2

I. Distribution of Population Ch. 2 - Population

A. Demography 1. Demography is the scientific study of population characteristics. a. How are people distributed across earth by age, health, gender, occupation, etc.? b. Where are people located? Why? c. How does globalization affect population?

B. Population Concentrations 1. People are concentrated in four regions: a. East Asia b. South Asia c. Southeast Asia d. Western Europe 2. Dry lands, wet lands, cold lands, and high lands are typically not a part of the ecumene.

C. Population Density 1. Arithmetic density - # of people divided by total land area 2. Physiological density - # of people supported by arable land in a region 3. Agricultural density - # of farmers compared to the amount of arable land

II. Changes in Population Ch. 2 - Population

A. Natural Increase 1. Crude birth rate (CBR) – total # of live births in a year for every 1,000 people 2. Crude death rate (CDR) – total # of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people 3. Natural increase rate (NIR) - % by which a population grows in a year

B. Fertility and Infant Mortality 1. Total fertility rate – the # of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years (15-49) 2. Infant mortality rate - # of deaths among infants (under 1 year old) per 1,000 births 3. Life expectancy is the average # of years a newborn can expect to live at current mortality levels

III. Variations in Population Growth Ch. 2 - Population

A. Demographic Transition 1. Stage 1: Low Growth – very high birth and death rates 2. Stage 2: High Growth – rapidly declining death rates and high birth rates 3. Stage 3: Decreasing Growth – birth rates decline and low death rates 4. Stage 4: Low Growth – very low death and birth rates

B. Population Pyramids 1. Population pyramids are bar graphs that display a country’s population by age and gender. a. Males on the left and females on the right 2. Age distribution a. Dependency ratio: # of people too old or too young to work compared to those in their productive years 3. Sex ratio: the proportion of males to females in a population

C. Changes in Demographic Transition 1. The world’s population is increasing rapidly. a. No countries are in Stage 1 b. Few are in Stage 4 2. We can control the CDR in many countries. 3. People can control the CBR when they choose to have fewer children. a. Birthrates decline with increases in economic development and/or use of contraceptives.

D. Malthus on Overpopulation 1. Malthus believed that population was growing faster than the food supply 2. Flaws in the theory: a. Countries entered Stage 2 at different points b. Population growth uses other resources besides food c. Doesn’t take technology into account d. Population growth wasn’t nearly as rapid as Malthus thought

E. Epidemiological Transition 1. Epidemiological transition focuses on causes of death at each stage of demographic transition. a. Stage 1: pestilence and famine (high CDR) b. Stage 2: receding pandemics (rapidly decreasing CDR) c. Stage 3: degenerative diseases (moderately declining CDR) d. Stage 4: delayed degenerative diseases (low but increasing CDR)

IV. Distribution of Migrants Ch. 3 Migration

A. Types of Migration 1. International migration is migration from one country to another country. 2. Internal migration is migration within one country. a. Interregional migration is movement from one region to another region in one country. b. Intraregional migration is movement within one region in one country.

B. Eight Great Historical Migrations 1. Europe to North America (Age of Exploration) 2. Iberian Peninsula to Latin America (Age of Exploration) 3. British Isles to South Africa and Australia (Imperialism) 4. West Africa to Brazil, South US, and Caribbean (slave trade) 5. India to South Africa, Fiji, Mauritius, Trinidad, Myanmar, Malaysia, and British Guiana (time-contract workers) 6. China to Southeast Asia and Western US (railroad construction and job opportunities) 7. Eastern US to Western US (Gold Rush, Manifest Destiny) 8. Western Russia to Central Asia and Siberia (natural resources and factory jobs)

C. Global Migration Patterns 1. Migration occurs from less developed to more developed countries. 2. Net migration is the difference between in- migrants and out-migrants

D. US Immigration Patterns 1.17th-18th century (colonial) a. England (voluntary migration) and Africa (forced migration) 2. 19th-20th century a. 1840s-1850s – N. and W. Europe b. 1870s-1880s – N. and W. Europe c. 1900s-1910s – S. and E. Europe 3. Late 20th century – present a. Asia and Latin America

V. Migration Within a Country Ch. 3 Migration

A. Interregional Migration in the US 1. Changing centers of population

B. Interregional/Intraregional Migration 1. Migration from rural to urban areas – primarily for economic improvement 2. Migration from urban to suburban areas – tends to happen in more developed places where suburbs are viewed as “nicer” places to live. 3. Counterurbanization – migration from cities to more rural areas.

VI. Reasons for Migration Ch. 3 Migration

A. Push and Pull Factors 1. Push factors encourage migration, and pull factors attract migrants. a. Economic – resources, job prospects, etc. b. Cultural and/or Political – slavery, political instability (refugees and democratic freedom), etc. c. Environmental – attractive v. hazardous environments, health reasons, natural disasters, etc. 2. Intervening obstacles are environmental or political factors that hinder migration.

B. Lee’s Model of Migration 1. Doesn’t isolate specific push and pull factors 2. Every location has a range of attributes - negative + positive 0 neutral 3. Different people will have different perceptions of the push and pull factors.

C. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration 1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter- migration. 2. The majority of migrants move a short distance. 3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations. 4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas. 5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

D. Zelinsky’s Migration Transition Model 1. Explains migration patterns that occur at different stages of demographic transition.

E. Characteristics of Migrants 1. Gender of migrants a. 1st wave – generally male b. 2nd wave – generally female 2. Family status of migrants a. Mostly adults seeking work b. Many leave the home country and send money back home to families

VII. Opportunities and Obstacles Ch. 3 Migration

A. US Quota Laws 1. Quota Acts – 1921, 1924, 1965 2. Country vs. hemisphere quotas 3. In the US, talented professionals and skilled workers get selected the most. a. Can lead to a brain drain, or large-scale emigration by talented people. 4. Post-9/11 policies have affected asylum seekers, legal immigrants, and illegal immigrants.

B. Temporary Migration for Work 1. Guest workers a. Work low wage jobs outside of their home country, often sending money back home b. Considered legal, documented migrants who have work visas, usually short-term. c. Can be exploited by employers. 2. Time-contract workers a. Immigrant recruited for a fixed period of time to work in mines or plantations

C. Refugees 1. Refugees flee their home country for a well-founded fear of being persecuted. 2. Refugees are considered special cases. 3. The process of being recognized as a refugee: a. Internally-displaced person b. Asylum seeker c. Refugee