Classical Argument Parts and Processes

What is it? One of the oldest known forms for making an argument (Greeks, 5th century BC) A series of steps to make sure you’ve covered everything you need to build a solid argument. Does not guarantee a perfect argument, but can help give your paper structure and make sure you’ve covered your bases.

Five-part Process Introduction Narration/Background Confirmation/Claim Concession/Refutation Conclusion

Five-part Process (cont’d) Concession and Refutation – Concedes valid points of the opposition (as much as possible without damaging thesis) and offers refutations to arguments for the other side. Conclusion – Wraps up argument, summarizes points, and strengthens the argument with a final plea or reinforcement of points made.

Introduction/Narration Two parts often run together in writing. Attracts interest to the subject. Provides necessary background so that readers can understand your topic. Ends with your claim and reasons supporting your claim. (thesis statement)

Questions for Introduction/Narration How do I get the audience’s attention? What background/context is needed to understand the topic? What or who are the principal issues involved? Have I established my stance?

Confirmation/Claim Gives subtopics of your claim. These are your “reasons” Provides various support for your side of the argument. Facts Examples Anecdotes Shows how this support is actually connected to thesis. Follows organizational structure (SEE sets) Research

Questions for Confirmation What are the subclaims of my argument? What evidence can I use to support my subclaims? How can I relate this evidence back to my overall claim? Is my evidence valid and persuasive? Do my explanations state the significance of the evidence?

Concession/Refutation Looks at opposing viewpoints to the writer’s claims. Anticipates objections from the audience. Allows as much of the opposing viewpoints as possible without weakening the thesis. Shows that you are considering both sides – gives balance.

Questions for Concession/Refutation What are the most important opposing arguments? How much can I concede without weakening my argument? What is the best way to refute opposition arguments?

Conclusion Often the hardest part to write effectively. Step back a little – look at the whole again. Show why a solution to the argument is important, and why yours is the best. Show the possible benefits of accepting your solution/side. Don’t leave them hanging – last chance to leave an impression. Don’t just restate.

Questions for Conclusion How can I best leave a strong final impression of rightness/importance? How can I best summarize/exemplify my most important arguments? What is the larger significance of my argument? What are the long-range implications? How can I bring things full circle and leave my audience satisfied?

The End PowerPoint by William Folden Adapted from web presentation by Dr. Josephine Koster of material from Real Writing (2nd Edition) by Walter Beale (1986).