Dr. Ann T. Orlando 18 January 2017 Class 1: Introduction Dr. Ann T. Orlando 18 January 2017

Welcome Back to Church History Review Syllabus Structure of course Requirements Course Web Site My agenda/perspective/prejudices

Class Structure Six Parts Lectures Primary Source Readings Ref to Hitchcock Five Short Papers at conclusion of Parts I – V based on primary sources One Long Paper and panel discussion based on selected book analysis

Book Selection Choose One by Feb 26: Read Selection by Mar 15 Brad Gregory. The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society. Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2012. (Chapters) D. A. Brading, Mexican Phoenix, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Ruth Harris, Lourdes, New York: Penguin, 1999. David Kertzer, The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara, New York: Vintage, 1997. John McGreevy, Catholicism and American Freedom, New York: W. W. Norton, 2003. Read Selection by Mar 15 Topics for panels and papers by April 19 Panels last week of class

Requirements Class attendance and active participation. Preparation of Short Papers and class discussion Preparation of Long Paper and panel discussion Two Exams: Quiz I covering Parts I and II (closed book) Quiz II covering Parts III, IV and V (closed book) NO FINAL Grade: 1/3 short papers, discussion, panel and final presentation 1/3 each quiz

Texts for Class James Hitchcock, History of the Catholic Church (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2012) John Vidmar, The Catholic Church Through the Ages (New Jersey: Paulist Press, 2005) Thomas Bokenkotter, A Concise History of the Catholic Church (New York: Doubleday, 2004). Norman Tanner, A New Short History of the Catholic Church (London: Barnes & Oates, 2011) Peter Armenio, History of the Church (The Didache Series), (Midwest Theological Forum, 2005) John O’Malley, A History of the Popes (Maryland: Sheed & Ward, 2010) Diarmaid MacCulloch, Christianity, the First Three Thousand Years (New York: Viking, 2010) Manu readings from: Carter Lindberg, Editor. The European Reformations Sourcebook. (Malden: Blackwell, 2000.)

Web Site for Class http://web.mit.edu/aorlando/www/SaintJohnCHII/ Several files Word file of syllabus Lecture slides; posted day after each lecture, in a folder called Lectures; PowerPoint format This is not a pretty web site

Primary Sources Different, multiple sources each week; should be focus of papers Read everything critically (includes secondary sources) What is author’s perspective What issues is author addressing; how important is the historical circumstance to those issues Who is the audience What is genre of the work (homily, thesis, poem, letter, Biblical commentary) Caution using Web Resources Anybody can put anything on the web and claim that it is ‘authoritative’ Many texts are available, but in older translations Maintenance of a web resource is still on an individual basis; no guarantee that information will be well maintained And if you use a web resource you must reference it

My Agenda Apologetic I believe that the Truth is most fully expressed in Magisterium of the Catholic Church But the expression (emphasis) of that Truth may change with historical circumstances My interest in ecclesial history is to work at understanding the pilgrim Church’s role in (Western) society today The Church’s self-understanding The ‘World’s’ understanding of the Church I am not primarily interested in: 16th C German religion/politics/society 17th C French religion/politics/society 18th C English religion/politics/society 19th – 20th C American religion/politics/society

My Prejudices (Facts) Importance of Spain in 16th – 19th C What is most important about the 16th C Northern European Revolts (aka Reformation) Catholic Renewal Catholic Christianity becomes a world-wide religion Importance of the 17th C Beginning of modernity What’s most important in 18th C American Revolution not French Revolution

Situation Early 16th C Byzantine Empire destroyed; Powerful Ottoman Turks in control of Eastern and Southern Mediterranean Spain newly unified after expulsion of Muslims France and England in uneasy truce France and HRE in occasional battles over eastern France Popes in very weakened political situation after Avignon papacy; reliant on sale of indulgences and simony for funds

Very Strong ‘National’ Rulers Early 16th C Francois I of France Charles V HRE (Spain, Germany, Netherlands) Henry VIII in England Sulyman the Magnificent in Ottoman Empire

Estates: The Structure of Society An ‘estate’ was a broad grouping of interests within society Structure in most ‘nations’ in 15th – 18th C Based on land ownership The interest of an estate during the 16th and 17th C will cause complex alliances beyond simple confessional interests First estate: clergy Second estate: nobility, aristocracy large land owners Third estate: peasants Peculiar position of cities Rising middle class not based on land (Italian city-states) In most nations considered part of estate of monarchy

Popes of Early 16th Century Alexander VI (r. 1492-1503), most notorious Borgia Pope Julius II (r. 1503-1513), leads armies in battle to solidify Papal States, decides to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica; Old St Peter’s built by Constantine in very bad condition What had been largest church in Christendom now a mosque Donation of Constantine accepted as a forgery Leo X (Medici, r. 1513-1521), “Now that God has given us the Papacy, let us enjoy it.” Hadrian VI (r. 1522 – 1523), Born in Utrecht; scholarly, humble, honest Pope; last pontefice barbaro until….John Paul II Clement VII (Medici, r. 1523-1534) Popular joke is ROMA = Radix Omnia Malorum Avaritia (Avarice the Root of All Evil) N.B., these same Popes were also patrons for some of the most important artists of Renaissance and early Baroque These same Popes were champions of learning and encouraged establishment of major libraries, including Vatican library

Renaissance and Early Reformation Simultaneous movements with many points of similarity and departure Similarities Intellectual movements outside university system Rejection of Aristotle Disgust with corruption in Church Emphasis on language over philosophy Critical study of Scripture ‘Rediscovery’ of Augustine and Church Fathers Points of departure Human nature Relation between Divine and physical Importance of art Importance of ancient works (pagan and Christian) in conjunction with Scripture Reform Church from within or revolt