Elements and the Periodic Table

There are 3 categories for the elements Metals Metalloids Nonmetals

Location

Metals Good conductors of heat and electricity Solids at room temperature (except Hg) Malleable: can be hammered or rolled into thin sheets Ductile: can be drawn into a fine wire Tensile strength is high: resists breaking when pulled

Metalloids

Metalloids Elements that have some characteristics of metals and some of nonmetals B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te (sometimes At included) Solids at room temperature Less malleable than metals Not as brittle as nonmetals Semiconductors of electricity

Nonmetals

Nonmetals Poor conductors Brittle (if solid) 1 liquid, 11 gases, 6 solids at room temperature Located at upper right of periodic table Hydrogen is only nonmetal on the left side of the periodic table

Group 1 Alkali Metals 1 electron in outer level Very reactive (easier for them to bond to other elements creating compounds) Soft, silver in color, shiny, low density *remember the video I showed you about how these metals react with water and air* *Li,Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr

Group 2 Alkaline-Earth Metals Contain 2 electrons in their outer level Reactive, but not as reactive as Alkali Metals Silver in color, higher density than alkali metals *Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Uses: Chalk, cement, bones, teeth all have Calcium in them. Magnesium can be combined with other low-density metals to build airplanes.

Groups 3-12 Transition Metals Can contain either 1 or 2 electrons in their outer level. Less reactive than alkaline-earth metals Shiny, good conductors of heat and electricity Higher densities Higher melting points than groups 1 and 2 except Mercury (Hg) Uses: structural materials, jewelry, coins.

Transition Metals

Group 13 Boron Group Contains one metalloid and 5 metals 3 electrons in outer level Reactive Solid at room temperature Aluminum is the most common metal in Earth’s crust. *B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Uut

Group 14 Carbon Group One nonmetal, two metalloids, and three metals 4 electrons in outer level Reactivity varies among elements Solid at room temperature *CARBON-so important, why??? *C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Uuq

Group 15 Nitrogen Group Group contains two nonmetals, two metalloids, and two metals 5 electrons in outer level Reactivity varies among elements Solid at room temperature except Nitrogen *Nitrogen is the most abundant gas in our atmosphere! *Phosphorus is extremely reactive for a nonmetal, it’s used to make matches! *N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Uup

Group 16 Oxygen Group Three nonmetals, two metalloids, and one metal 6 electrons in the outer level Reactive Solid at room temperature (except oxygen) 21% of our atmosphere is composed of oxygen! Oxygen is necessary for anything to burn, it is also important to most living things. Sulfur is utilized greatly in the chemical industry in the form of sulfuric acid. *O, S, Se, Te, Po,Lv

Group 17 Halogens Nonmetals Contain 7 electrons in outer level Very reactive Poor conductors of heat and electricity Violent reactions with alkali metals to form salts (never uncombined in nature) *uses: Chlorine and Iodine are used as disinfectants *F, Cl, Br, I, At

Group 18 Noble Gases Nonmetals Contains 8 electrons in their outer level, except Helium which has 2. Unreactive Colorless, odorless gas at room temperature. Argon is the most common noble gas on Earth, makes up 1% of our atmosphere. All other gases are called trace gases, because they are found in such small amounts. *He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Hydrogen Nonmetal Has only one electron in outer level Very reactive Colorless, odorless gas at room temperature, explosive reaction with oxygen. Low density *Most abundant element in our universe (stars)!

Lanthanides and Actinides

Lanthanides and Actinides These metals are part of the transition metals. They are located at the bottom of the periodic table. Often mixed with other metals to make them stronger. Most well-known actinide is uranium. http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementgroups/a/rareearths.htm (more facts about these two groups)

Synthetic (Man-made) Elements Many of the very large elements are not found naturally on Earth. Atomic numbers are greater than 92. These elements are made by forcing nuclear particles together (fusion). Ex. Uranium (92) and carbon (6) are fused together to create californium (98).

Trends in the Periodic Table Trend: a predictable change in a particular direction We will study 5 periodic trends