Behavioral Views of Learning

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Behavioral Views of Learning

Definition of Learning Permanent change Change in behavior or knowledge Learning is the result of experience Not the result of maturation or temporary conditions

Contiguity Learning Learning by simple associations: Pairing Stimulus Response

Pavlov: Classical Conditioning Involuntary responses: Respondents

Repeat pairing US with NS Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Repeat pairing US with NS Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response

More on Classical Conditioning Generalization Discrimination Extinction

Skinner: Operant Conditioning Operants: Deliberate actions Antecedents Behavior Consequences Reinforcement strengthens behavior Punishment weakens/suppresses behavior

Types of Consequences Something can be given or taken away Good consequences: Something desired given, something aversive taken away Bad consequences

Types of Reinforcement Positive reinforcement Strengthen behavior by presenting desired stimulus Negative reinforcement Strengthen behavior by removing aversive stimulus

Types of Punishment Presentation Punishment Removal Punishment Weakens behavior by presenting aversive stimulus Removal Punishment Weakens behavior by removing pleasant stimulus

Reinforcement Schedules

Controlling Antecedents Providing information about expected behaviors Signaling when a behavior should be emitted Cueing Prompting

Applied Behavior Analysis Baseline behavior Target behavior Classroom application: - Specify the desired behavior - Plan a specific intervention - Keep track of the results

Interventions: Encouraging Positive Behavior Teacher attention Premack principle Shaping Positive practice

Coping with Undesirable Behaviors Negative reinforcement Satiation Reprimands: soft & private Response cost Social isolation Punishment

Behavioral Management Group consequences Token reinforcement Contingency contracts

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