Descriptive Grammar – 2S, 2016 Mrs. Belén Berríos Droguett Sentence Patterns Descriptive Grammar – 2S, 2016 Mrs. Belén Berríos Droguett

We use patterns to analyze as well as to construct sentences The use of Patterns We use patterns to analyze as well as to construct sentences The same rules that we use of the analysis of sentences can be used to identify certain repeated or common structures The identification of these structures helps us to create new grammatically well-formed sentences, clauses or phrases The following patterns to be presented are based on the concept of simple, compound and complex sentences

Sentence Patterns The patterns here presented are focused on the relation of Subject and Verb (Predicator) These patterns work with different form of sentences, thus, declarative, interrogative, exclamatory, imperatives; as well as positive/negative, active and passive The 24 patterns which will be presented are mostly focused on simple sentences; numbers 22 and 23 acknowledged complex sentences By the end of the presentation, there will be presented some key words and forms in relation to compound and complex sentences

Subject + Verb + Complement The sun is shiny Sentence Patterns Subject + Verb The sun shines Subject + Verb + Complement The sun is shiny Subject + Verb + Adverbial (AvP) The sun is up Subject + Verb + Direct Object He likes the sun Subject + Verb + Adverbial (PP) The sun shines on the sky

Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Adverbial He likes the sun on the sky Sentence Patterns Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Adverbial He likes the sun on the sky Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Adjective He likes the tea very cold Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to be + AjP (Complement) He prefers the tea to be cold Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement He calls his boyfriend dear

Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Adverbial (PP) Sentence Patterns Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Adverbial (PP) He drinks the tea in the balcony Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object He gave his boyfriend a new jacket Subject + Verb + for (duration) + Adverbial They walk for one hour Subject + Verb + infinitive (bare form) They would get married

Subject + Verb + Direct Object + infinitive (bare form) Sentence Patterns Subject + Verb + Direct Object + infinitive (bare form) He heard him sing Subject + Verb + to – infinitive They need to go away Subject + Verb + wh-word + to-infinitive He decided what to do Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to-infinitive He invited him to travel

Subject + Verb + Direct Object + wh-word + to- infinitive Sentence Patterns Subject + Verb + Direct Object + wh-word + to- infinitive He taught him how to dance Subject + Verb + present participle They enjoy dancing Subject + Verb + Direct Object + present participle They like their dogs playing Subject + Verb + Direct Object + past participle He prefers the shoes brushed

Sentence Patterns Subject + Verb + that + Noun Clause They admit that they would like to get married (a) Subject + Verb + Direct Object + that + Noun Clause He told me that they are planning to get married (b) Subject + Verb + Direct Object + wh-word + Noun Clause I convinced them where they should have the wedding (a) Subject + Verb + so They expect so (b) Subject + Verb + not They expect not

However there are certain elements we can have in mind to identify: Sentence Patterns Compound sentences: they are actually two sentences put together by a conjunction, its more common pattern is: Sentence 1 + conjunction + Sentence 2 However there are certain elements we can have in mind to identify: Connectors which appear with a comma: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so Connectors which appear with a semicolon and comma: however, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, therefore We can then state two possible patterns: S + P, and S + P or S + P; however, S + P

There are some typical relations we can identify: Sentence Patterns Complex sentences also can show us some possible patterns, in this case, the relation between the Main Clause and its Subordinate Clause There are some typical relations we can identify: Cause – Effect: because, since, so that Comparison – Contrast: although, even though, though, whereas, while Place – Manner: where, wherever, how, however Possibility – Condition: if, whether, unless Relation: that, which, who, whom Time: after, as, before, since, when, whenever, while, until

From this, we can identify the following patterns: Sentence Patterns Usually, the presented connectors appear at the beginning of subordinate clause, indicating the type of relation between them From this, we can identify the following patterns: SP + connector + SP or Connector + SP, SP or S + connector + P + SP Finally, it is also possible have the combination of compound and complex sentences, being the patterns: SP, and SP because SP or Because SP, SP, but SP

She enjoys books  Books she enjoys SPO  OSP bASIC AND dERIVED A Basic structure is a model shared by speakers, which by most, it is considered the common, normal, correct form to organize or create a sentence Derived structure, on the other hand, refers to the change of these structures in order to give emphasis to certain elements by the speakers, or simple simplify the form Example: She enjoys books  Books she enjoys SPO  OSP

Omission of relative pronouns: Another phenomenon which can appear or happen among sentences is the omission of certain elements; there we can identify: Omission of relative pronouns: E.g. The places that they have visited  The places they have visited Omission in comparative clause: E.g. Charles completed the marathon faster than Jerry completed the marathon  Charles completed the marathon faster than Jerry Omission in coordinate constructions: E.g. Charles is at the bank and Jerry is at the bank  Charles and Jerry are at the bank Charles was tired and Charles was sleepy  Charles was tired and sleepy Tag questions: E.g. They should buy the house, shouldn’t they (unlinked coordination – two clauses)

Some specific names in relation to Omission are: Relative pronoun omission Ellipsis Branching coordination Coordination reduction

E.g. He would happily help you  Happily he would help you Other Changes Split of constituents: division of elements inside a sentence or phrase by another element which can be naturally moved. This movements can be either for meaning purposes or looking for a more natural expression E.g. He would happily help you  Happily he would help you Can you explain me the problem?  You could explain me the problem Double Analysis: Passive reconsidered E.g. Their dogs caught the intruder  The intruder was caught by their dogs Subject raising E.g. Charles wanted his dogs to sleep in the room  Charles wanted that his dogs sleep in the room Jerry preferred they sleep in the living room  Jerry preferred them to sleep in the living room

Existential Clauses: sentences beginning with “there” Changes Cleft structures: a single clause is split into two separate clause like- parts E.g. Charles has visited his mother every week  It was Charles who visited his mother every week Existential Clauses: sentences beginning with “there” E.g. There are two dogs on the sofa  Two dogs are on the sofa Extraposition: a construction where a NCl, as a subject, is postponed to the end of the MCl, replaced by “it” E.g. What he has done was horrible  It was horrible what he has done

Fronting of subordinate clause object: move the subordinate clause to the beginning by extraposition E.g. It was difficult to understand the class  The class was difficult to understand Substitution of PP for Indirect Object E.g. Jerry sent Charles an email  Jerry sent an email to Charles Postponement of postmodifiers E.g. Their moment to make a decision has arrived  Their moment has arrived to make a decision