Reproductive System Chapter 21 Pages 432 – 467

Functions of the Reproductive System Page 434 Functions of the Reproductive System Has the necessary organs capable of accomplishing reproduction (creation of new life) Manufacture hormones necessary for the development of the reproductive organs & secondary sex characteristics: Females – estrogen & progesterone Males – testosterone

Pages 434 – 436 Fertilization Coitus = sexual intercourse (sperm from the tests is deposited into the female vagina) Sperm production – Approximately 100 million sperm per mL (> 20 million per mL = sterile) Corona radiata = layer of cells surround the ovum Fertilization = once the egg & sperm combine Zygote = fertilized egg cell DNA – found in the chromosomes; contains the genetic code that is replicated & passed on to each cell as the zygote divides.

Reproductive System Pages 436 – 439 Phases of fetal development (Next slide) Differentiation of reproductive organs – only organs that are different between males & females (check out Figure 21-7) Organs of reproduction – provide continuity of the species

Page 438

Female Reproductive System Pages 439 – 443 Female Reproductive System Ovaries – primary sex organ Fallopian tubes – about 10 cm long, are not attached to the ovaries Uterus – a hollow, thick-walled, pear-shaped, & highly muscular organ. Vagina – short canal that extends from the cervix of the uterus to the vulva. Vulva – external female genitalia Breasts – made up of fat, connective tissue, & mammary glands.

Page 442 Figure 21-9

Menstrual Cycle Page 444 Follicle stage Ovulation stage Corpus luteum stage or luteal phase Menstruation stage

Menopause Page 446 When monthly menstrual cycle comes to an end Commonly occurs between 45 & 55 years of age End of childbearing, normal sex drive usually remains Anatomical changes Atrophy of the internal reproductive structures: uterus, fallopian tubes, & ovaries Atrophy of the external genitalia Vagina becomes conical shaped Atrophy of the vaginal mucous membranes Reproduction of the secretory activity of the glands associated with the reproductive organs

Male Reproductive System Pages 446 – 450 Male Reproductive System Testes & epididymis Descent of the testes – during the last 3 months of development Scrotum Ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, & ejaculatory ducts Penis Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Semen

Page 447 Figure 21-14

Page 447 Figure 21-14

Erection & Ejaculation Page 450 Erection & Ejaculation Arousal stimulates nerve impulses causing erectile tissue to become engorged with blood Blood entering the dilated arteries squeezes the veins against the penile tissue With maximum stimulation of the seminal vesicles to the ejaculatory center, orgasm occurs Impotence (erectile dysfunction) = the inability to have or sustain an erection during intercourse. Incidents increase with age. Primary Impotence = male who has never had an erection Secondary impotence = male who has had an erection in the past but currently is impotent.

Contraception Pages 450 – 451 Reasons for avoiding pregnancy Avoiding heath risks to the woman Spacing pregnancies Avoiding having babies with birth defects Delaying pregnancy early in marriage Limiting family size Avoiding pregnancy among unmarried couples Curbing population growth Religious & ethnic group concerns oppose birth control & this text does not ignore that issue.

Contraception (Cont’d) Pages 452 – 453 Contraception (Cont’d) Methods of contraception Abstinence 100% Hormonal methods 99% – 95% IUD 99% – 93% Diaphragm 99% – 90% Condom 97% – 85% Spermicides 75% – 70% Withdrawal 80% – 70% Rhythm 85% – 65% Emergency contraception pills Table 21-5

Pages 451 – 453 Infertility When conception doesn’t occur after trying for 1 year Causes of infertility = blockage – female: fallopian tubes or male: epididymis/ductus deferens; a low sperm count; hormonal imbalance; swollen veins in the scrotum; or unknown. Treatment include: Fertility drugs, hormone replacement, artificial insemination, & surgery. If the proceding methods are not successful, the couple may try the following: In vitro fertilization (IVF), Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), Zygote intrafallopian transfer, Donor eggs & embryos

Effects of Aging in Females Page 454 SB Effects of Aging in Females Menopause Decrease in estrogen & progesterone production Narrowing of vaginal opening, loss of tissue elasticity, & a decrease in vaginal secretions Atrophic changes

Effects of Aging in Males Page 454 SB Effects of Aging in Males Sexual response is slower Obtaining & maintaining an erection becomes more difficult Prostate gland size increases, testes decrease in size, & sperm level decreases Testosterone level decreases Viscosity of seminal fluid diminishes

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Pages 453 – 454 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Amenorrhea = absence of the menstrual cycle Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) = a group of symptoms that are exhibited just prior to the beginning of the menstrual cycle. Dysmenorrhea = painful menstruation Menorrhagia = excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding (most common problem) Endometriosis = disease that affects women during the reproductive years. Endometrial tissue is found outside of the uterus.

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (Cont’d) Pages 454 – 455 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (Cont’d) Fibroid tumors = benign growths that occur in the uterine wall. Breast tumors/cancer = benign or malignant tumors (most common in women) Endometrial cancers = uterine cancer (most common) Ovarian cancer = 5th in cancer deaths among women Cervical cancer = frequently hits 30 – 50 year olds

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (Cont’d) Pages 455 – 456 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System (Cont’d) Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) = may be due to infections that occur in the reproductive organs & spread to the fallopian tubes & peritoneal cavity. Salpingitis = inflammation of the fallopian tubes Toxic shock syndrome = rare bacterial infection Vaginal yeast infections = caused by over growth of Candidia albicans. Symptoms: itching, burning, redness, & maybe an odorless, thick, white discharge.

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Page 456 Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Epididymitis = a painful swelling in the groin & scrotum due to infection of the epididymis. Orchitis = inflammation of the testes. Symptoms: swelling of the scrotum, fever, & pain. Prostatitis = infection of the prostate gland. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) = indicates an enlarged prostate. 50% of men in their 60s & as many as 90% of men in their 70s have some symptoms of BPH. Prostate cancer = most common cancer in men over 50

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Pages 458 – 459 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Transmitted through the exchange of body fluids such as semen, vaginal fluid, & blood. Many people are asymptomatic Prevention – abstinence or practice safe sex Chlamydia (men: 25% & women: 80%) = urethritis, bacterial vaginitis, & PID. Treatment: antibiotics Genital warts [human papillomavirus (HPV)] = small, hard, round spots resembling a cauliflower. Treatment: acid or cryosurgery to remove the wart. Also known as venereal disease (VD)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Pages 459 – 460 Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) Gonorrhea = painful urination, discharge of pus from the penis. Treatment: antibiotics Genital herpes = causes painful lesions that continue to reappear. Syphilis = chancre appears at point of infection, but then disappears on its own. Without treatment infection spreads to the nervous system. Treatment: Penicillin Trichomoniasis vaginalis = caused by a protozoan. Inflammation, burning, itching, & discomfort. Treatment: antibiotics Also known as venereal disease (VD)

Human Growth & Development Pages 460 – 461 Human Growth & Development Infancy = birth to 1 year Toddler = 1 to 3 years Preschool = 3 to 5 years School age = 6 to 12 years Adolescence = 12 to 20 years Early adulthood = 20 to 40 years Middle adulthood = 40 to 65 years Older adulthood = 65+