Text S2.   Representative PowerPoint presentation of a Project Brainstorm school visit. The slides that follow were taken from a presentation designed for 11th and 12th grade school students (ages between 17-18 years). The undergraduate students chose to focus their ‘brain-in-perspective’ topic on sleep and the effects of sleep deprivation. Slides 3-6 briefly introduce the nervous system, explaining the structure and function of a neuron and the principal lobes of the human neocortex. Slides 7-17 elaborate on the topic of sleep. The students chose to extend their neuroanatomical description of the human brain in slides 7-10 to include other regions that are important in sleep regulation. Slides 11-12 introduce the concept of circadian rhythms, while slides 13-17 talk about the negative impacts of sleep deprivation. The presentation, which did not take longer than 15 minutes, has very limited text and was accompanied by the use of props and/or student participation to make it more interactive and engaging. The images in the slides have been borrowed from http://www.flickr.com/creativecommons/ and are free to use and disseminate under the creative commons agreement (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/2.0/legalcode). Attribution has been given to the authors of each image/picture/photograph accordingly in each slide.

The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Brain Project Brainstorm Z Z Z Z Z Z Sei: Intro with interactive Q’s Picture by Andrew Mason: http://www.flickr.com/photos/a_mason/4006709/ The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Brain

Structure of a Typical Neuron Dendrites Cell body Axon terminal David Axon Drawing by Rafael Romero-Calderón

How are neurons connected? Synapses!! David Synapse Drawing by Rafael Romero-Calderón

The synapse carries a signal from cell to cell: Axon terminal Dendrite David Drawing by Rafael Romero-Calderón

The primary lobes of the brain: perception of touch, pressure, temperature and pain movement and planning Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Sei Temporal lobe Occipital lobe vision perception of sound and memory consolidation Picture by IsaacMao: http://www.flickr.com/photos/isaacmao/19245594/

Amygdala Emotion center Also aids in memory formation David Image by Sarah Madsen

Hypothalamus David Regulates endocrine system Image by Sarah Madsen Controls body temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, and circadian cycles

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Center for biological rhythms Sleep-Wake cycle Suprachiasmatic nucleus Sei In hypothalamus. The information of the time of the day as relayed by the eyes travels to the clock in the brain, and, through that, clocks in the rest of the body may be synchronized. This is how the timing of, for example, sleep/wake, alertness, body temperature, immune function, thirst, and appetite are coordinately controlled by the biological clock. The SCN sends information to other regions of hypothalamus and the pineal gland to modulate body temperature and production of hormones such as melatonin. Image by Sarah Madsen

Pineal Gland David Image by Sarah Madsen Produces melatonin, a hormone that affects wake/sleep patterns

Circadian Rhythm Body is synchronized to night and day Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) Sei The body is synchronised to night and day by the effect of sunlight through brain chemicals or neurotransmitters, especially melatonin and many bodily processes are set by this 24-hour physiological ‘clock’ - these include temperature, hormones, digestion, heart rate, blood pressure and brain states. Of course, includes regulation of sleep-wake cycle Image by erat: http://www.flickr.com/photos/canyonjam/111754387/ Body is synchronized to night and day Roughly 24 hour cycles

The Rhythms of Life: 12:00 midnight 6:00 pm sunset 6:00 am sunrise Lowest body temperature 9:00 pm Melatonin secretion starts 6:00 pm sunset 6:00 am sunrise 5:30 pm Greatest cardiovascular efficiency and muscle strength Sei This is the general, healthy biological cycle for someone who sleeps at night and wakes early in the morning, with a full nights rest. We have circadian rhythm for a reason. Our bodies are made to sleep during the night in order to allow our bodies to maintain these physiological functions. If you don’t get the sleep you need during the nighttime, your other biological rhythms start falling out of rhythm, too. By disrupting sleep, you are disrupting your bodily functions Moon photo by jurvetson. http://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/97214206/ Sun photo by barockschloss. http://www.flickr.com/photos/barockschloss/3569109923/ 10:00 am High alertness Sunset photo by Swami Stream. http://www.flickr.com/photos/araswami/2259886646/ 12:00 noon Sunrise photo by Sean MacEntee. http://www.flickr.com/photos/smemon/5783321374/

How many hours of sleep do teenagers need per night? Question!! How many hours of sleep do teenagers need per night? Sei Photo by WarmSleepy: http://www.flickr.com/photos/33498942@N04/5910996168/

Average of 9.25 hours per night is best! Answer!! 8.5 to 10 hours per night Average of 9.25 hours per night is best! Sei Photo by Sarah G. http://www.flickr.com/photos/dm-set/4200811849/

What goes on in the Brain during Sleep? New synapses form during sleep Neuron repair Chemical and electrical activity that are specific to sleep David Picture by Andrew Mason: http://www.flickr.com/photos/a_mason/4006709/

Sleep deprivation leads to Brain “Power Failure” Attention lapses “Power failure” occurs in brain Results in Reduced learning Reduced ability to recall memory or solve problems Reduced reaction times Inability to focus Changes in vision Sei Brain activity is observed in the various lobes of rested individuals, but are reduced in sleep-deprived individuals Picture by digitalbob8. http://www.flickr.com/photos/44568283@N02/4097561067/

Sleep is REQUIRED for survival Rats continuously deprived of sleep DIE within 2-3 weeks Rats with little sleep live about 5 months compared to the normal 2-3 years Picture by Tomi Tapio. http://www.flickr.com/photos/tomitapio/6023359810/ David and Sei Driving while being sleep deprived is just as bad as driving under the influence 100,000 auto deaths per year are attributed to sleepiness; especially among teens Picture by zmfg!. http://www.flickr.com/photos/mauriciofajardo/4807209922/