EOA 2 Class Notes Dan C. Fullerton 26 August 2015 AMSP AY 2015-2016 EOA Seminar 6 EOA 2 Class Notes Dan C. Fullerton 26 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 Political & Strategic Setting for the New York Campaign, 1776 British Goals? End rebellion; restore the colonies…their allegiance, their $ --Tories: destroy the rebel; harsh war; no negotiation --Whigs: threaten the use of force, for negotiations, reconciliation, but alteration in the political relationship, use the loyalists to restore order…?? (Howes from this camp; King chooses them to run the war, either to unify the war effort, bc he trusts them, and/or a politically expedient fall guy) Howes = limited war; dynastic war; controlled war… to destroy the rebellion, break the will of the defiant ones; so strategy? --blockade --operation base in NY; cut off the rebellious colonies of New England --terrain based; control the key terrain, the population will submit American Goals? Separate & equal; colonies survive; defensive strategy, operational offensive…so, need a conventional army!

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 When in the course of human events it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. DOI, 1776

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 The Armies involved; key differences? -British & ‘Hessian’: -Continental:

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 The tactics: Linear…controlled, based on the inadequacy of the musket What is the theoretical paradigm under which the armies are operating? Dynastic war; Age of Enlightenment thinking; warfare can be controlled…

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 Break into groups; conduct an analysis of the British Campaign using: 1) The Operations Process 2) The Elements of Operational Art 3) The Principles of War 4) The Warfighting Functions Provide a 10 minute brief on your group findings (including a diagram or map and which elements were most useful, etc.) ) and be prepared to discuss with the class

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 Break into groups; conduct an analysis of the American ‘campaign’ using: 1) The Operations Process 2) The Elements of Operational Art 3) The Principles of War 4) The Elements of Combat Power Provide a short brief on your group findings (including a diagram or map and which elements were most useful, etc.) and be prepared to discuss with the class

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 So, did the British practice ‘operational art’? The Americans? By what definition?

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 So, what are the lessons that can be learned from the New York Campaign from the Brits? never underestimate the opponent understanding the operational environment; might be more than one GOG understanding the utility, the limitations, of the use of force tempo goes both ways assessing/reframing and acting on new understanding what type of war are we in? objective… understand the importance and impact of a long line of communications gain and maintain the initiative… having the right tool (Hessians right for winning hearts and minds??)

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 So, what are the lessons that can be learned from the New York Campaign from the Americans? Positives: Negatives:

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015 What can you, as an operational planner, take away from the study of the campaign?

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015 What is the situation in December 1776; what has changed since August? --momentum sapped --hard times --enlistments ending… --desertions

AMSP Class Notes, 26 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015 THESE are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands by it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly: it is dearness only that gives every thing its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods; and it would be strange indeed if so celestial an article as FREEDOM should not be highly rated. Thomas Paine, The American Crisis, December 1776

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015 What are Washington’s main concerns? What does he know?

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015 What does he do? Groupwork on the Trenton-Princeton ‘Campaign’ of 1776: Break into groups: discuss/analyze two phases: --Trenton I --Trenton II-Princeton

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015 How do the British respond to Washington’s efforts? What has emerged as a result of the campaign? --pull back to NY; gives space to rebels; loyalists not protected; looking pretty stupid; have to forage in detachments

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015 What are the key lessons WRT operational art and campaigning from the Trenton- Princeton battles? What can be said of Washington’s generalship?

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015 The campaign’s aftermath? Any paradigm shifts? --no easy victory; long war --rebellion with insurgency; hybrid war (people’s war)

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015 What is the significance of Washington’s movement to Morristown?

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015 What can you, as an operational planner, take away from the study of the campaign?

AMSP Class Notes, 28 August 2015