Structure and Function CELLS Structure and Function Cell = smallest unit of life

Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect Robert Hooke naturalist, philosopher, inventor, architect.... (July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703) In 1665 Robert Hooke publishes his book, Micrographia, which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes (shown at right). He was the first person to use the term “cells”. 1665 – Robert Hooke publishes his book which contains his drawings of sections of cork as seen through one of the first microscopes. Coined the term “cells”.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek 1632-1723 In 1673 Anton van Leeuwenhook perfects the simple microscope and observes cells and microorganisms. He discovered bacteria in 1674 and four years later, he discovers protozoa. 1673 – Anton van Leeuwenhook – perfects the simple microscope and observes cells and microorganisms. Four years later, he discovers protozoa.

Cell Theory Cell Theory Matthias Schleiden all plants are made of cells Theodore Schwann all animals are made of cells Rudolf Virchow all cells came from pre-existing cells Cell Theory

Cell Theory Cell Theory all living things are made up of cells Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants are made of cells (1838) Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals are made of cells (1839) Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cells came from pre-existing cells (1855) Cell Theory all living things are made up of cells cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism new cells are produced from existing cells

Two Major Cell Types Cell Type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Example Bacteria Protists Fungi Plants Animals

Prokaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell (protist, animal) Eukaryotic Cell

Eukaryotic Cell (plant) Eukaryotic Cell

Differences Between Cell Types Prokaryotic Cell Eukaryotic Cell Single circular chromosome Multiple linear chromosomes Chromosome found in a cytoplasmic region called the nucleoid. Chromosomes found in a membrane-bound nucleus. No internal membrane bound organelles Extensive network of internal membrane bound organellles

Common Components and Cellular Organization Cell Membrane boundary surrounding the cell Genetic material: DNA located in a membrane-bound nucleus for eukaryotic cells Cytoplasm Semi-fluid matrix containing enzymes and organelles (enzyme = biological catalyst) Ribosomes Components of the cell that makes and produces proteins

Features of Prokaryotic Cells All prokaryotic cells contain Structure Function Cell Membrane Regulates flow of substances into and out of cell Nucleoid Cytoplasmic region containing genetic material Cytoplasm Cytosol: fluid Ribosomes Enzymes

Features of Prokaryotic Cells Other possible prokaryotic structures Structure Function Cell Wall Supports cell Maintains shape Capsule Protects from drying Protects against white blood cells Ribosomes Manufactures proteins

Features of Prokaryotic Cells Other possible prokaryotic structures Structure Function Bacterial Flagellum Movement

Applying Your Knowledge Cell Wall Flagellum Capsule Plasmid Nucleoid In bacterial cells where is the genetic material located? which one is used for movement? which one provides structural support for the cell?

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function(s) Cell Membrane 1. Regulates passage of materials into and out of cell 2. Cell-Cell Recognition

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function(s) Cell Wall (protists, fungi, plants) Controls cell shape, protects, supports

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function(s) Nucleus Carrier of genetic material DNA + protein = chromatin 2. Governs cell activities 3. Directs cell reproduction Surrounded by Membrane = nuclear envelope Contains nucleolus—produces ribosomes which synthesize proteins

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features SER RER Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function(s) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Associated ribosomes produce proteins Prepares proteins for export Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Lipid Synthesis Drug detoxification Transport of proteins from RER

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function(s) Golgi Apparatus Collects, modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids from ER

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function(s) Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes to digest food in protists or destroy aging organelles

Endomembrane System Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Vesicle Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Vesicle Vesicle Plasma Membrane

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function Mitochondrion Captures energy from organic molecules, producing ATP

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function Chloroplast (protists, plants) Photosynthesis: Uses light energy to produce organic molecules

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function(s) Cytoskeleton Maintains cell shape Anchors organelles and proteins Allows for organelle movement and cellular movement in some cell types

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function Centriole Gives rise to basal bodies that produce cilia or flagella

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function(s) Vacuole Central vacuole (plants) stores waste, maintains turgidity. Contractile vacuole (protists) maintains water balance. Food vacuole (protists) fuses with lysosome for digestion.

Functions of Eukaryotic Cell Features Structure Function(s) Cilia and Flagella Move substances across cell surface in lungs, fallopian tubes Cell movement in sperm, protists

Applying Your Knowledge Cilium Rough ER Golgi apparatus Smooth ER Lysosome Which organelle produces proteins that will be exported from the cell? Which organelle contains digestive enzymes? Which site acts as a protein packaging and distribution center?

Thought Questions What are similarities for a. eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? b. animal and plant cells? 2. What are differences between

Analogy If the cell were a factory the ____________________ would be (name a cell component) a _____________________________. (name a part of a factory)

Part of Cell Part of Factory Capsule Security Gate Cell Wall Outer Fence around the factory Chloroplast Solar Panel Cytoskeleton Moving Belt where items are inspected Steel Support, Interior Walls Cilia/Flagella Conveyor Belt, Elevator/Escalator Enzyme Worker; Assemblage Machinery Golgi Complex Distribution/Packaging Department Mailroom Mitochondrion Generator, Engine Room, Power Source Nucleoid Storage of pre-production material Nucleus Supervisor’s Office, Boss Corporate Office, Central Operations Plasma Membrane Loading/Unloading Dock, Inner Wall, Door Ribosomes Assembly Line Track RER Production Line SER Shipping Dock Vacuole Storage Area

Cellular Interactions Signal Transduction: passing a signal from the cell surface to the interior First messenger binds to Cell Surface Receptor Receptor signals nearby Regulator Protein Regulator activates nearby enzyme Enzyme catalyzes formation of Second Messenger Second Messenger initiates Cellular Response

Cellular Interactions Cell Adhesion: joining of cells controlled by proteins called Cellular Adhesion Molecules (CAMS) important in Inflammatory Response Placenta Formation Learning and Memory Lack of cell adhesion is implicated in cancer and arthritis.