World War I Chapter 10

Causes ____________ assassinated – 1914 Tension b/w nations Ambition/Social Darwinism ______________ ________ism

Causes Francis Ferdinand assassinated - 1914 Tension b/w nations Ambition/Social Darwinism Alliances Militarism Nationalism Imperialism

Why did militarism make it more difficult to avoid the outbreak of war? How did many Europeans’ idea of nationalism change in the late 1800’s? What predictors of war were in place before fighting began? Why did European countries form so many alliances?

Allied & Central Powers Allied Powers ___________ Central Powers

Allied & Central Powers Allied Powers Great Britain France Russia Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary

Characteristics __________ warfare on _________ Front __________ Stalemate on Western Front New technology + old tactics = mass casualties

Characteristics Trench Warfare on Western Front Poison Gas Artillery Machine Guns Tanks Planes Stalemate on Western Front New technology + old tactics = mass casualties

What does an army sacrifice when it commits to the protection provided by a trench? Why was the war on the Western front at a stalemate?

U.S. Neutrality U.S. wants to remain neutral initially View war as European issue Wanted to maintain isolationism Divided loyalties Do business with both sides Isolationists – Stay out, not our problem Interventionists – Should intervene Internationalists – Work toward peace

Why did Americans not want to enter the war in Europe?

Reasons for U.S. Entry - 1917 ____________ sunk by ____________ Zimmerman Note – Germany urges __________ to attack the U.S. and regain lost land Germany resumes _________ ________ warfare

Reasons for U.S. Entry - 1917 Lusitania sunk by German U-Boat Zimmerman Note – Germany urges Mexico to attack the U.S. and regain lost land Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare

How would a U-Boat be able to stop delivery of supplies from one country to another? Why did Germany violate its promise to spare unarmed ships, even at the risk of drawing the U.S. into the war? What do you think might have happened if the Germans had kept their pledge not to sink another unarmed ship?

Mobilization Selective Service Act War Industries Board – Regulate production of war materials/industry Bernard Baruch - head CPI – Sell the war

Opposition Some opposition to the war Conscientious Objectors Women’s Peace Party – Oppose the war b/c of pacifism Espionage and Sedition Acts - Can’t criticize war/govt. Schenck vs. United States – Need for public order outweighs personal freedoms Persecution of German-Americans

Societal Changes Women take on new roles Great Migration Nurses, Red Cross Worked in factories Helping the war effort Great Migration Jobs/Opportunities Escape the persecution/racism

End of the War America boosts the Allies War ends Russia leaves the war b/c of revolution Convoys protect Allied shipping Fresh troops (doughboys), fight offensive war Alvin York becomes a hero War ends Armistice – November 11, 1918 11:00 AM “11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month”

Treaty of Versailles President Wilson travels to Paris for the Peace Conference w/ 14 Points Plan for future peace Create League of Nations New nations based on National Self-Determination Other Allied leaders want to punish Germany and end German threat Germany accepts 100% guilt for the war Germany must pay harsh reparations German military reduced, Germany loses land

U.S. and the Treaty U.S. Congress refuses to ratify the treaty The U.S. never signs treaty or join the League of Nations

Post-War Problems Influenza Epidemic Race Riots Labor unrest Red Scare 1918 – Killed millions Race Riots Racial tension and job competition Labor unrest Inflation  strikes and violence Red Scare Fear of communists and radicals Hysteria and some violence fuel Red Scare Palmer Raids arrest suspected radicals Sacco and Vanzetti Italian anarchist immigrants charged with murder, convicted, executed

Return to Normalcy Warren Harding (R) wins 1920 election Public tired of progressive reform, wants return to a simpler time New role of U.S. in world affairs U.S. still involved in world affairs Richest, most powerful industrial nation Creditor nation to the world Seeks Isolationism