Matter States, Properties and Changes

Matter and States of Matter What is Matter? Matter anything that occupies space and has mass 3 states of matter (technically 4) Solid Liquid Gas Plasma 2

Matter and States of Matter Solid a form of matter that has its own definite shape and volume Liquid flows, has its own volume, but takes shape of container Gas flows to conform to the shape of its container AND fills the entire volume of its container Plasma an ionized gas (a gas where ions and electrons coexist) the sun, like most stars, is a great big ball of plasma. 3

3 Classes of Matter Mixtures Compounds Matter Elements

Classification of Matter Pure Substances Mixtures Elements Compounds Heterogeneous Homogeneous Elements: The simplest forms of matter that can exist under normal laboratory conditions. Elements are represented with a one or two letter chemical symbol. Example: Na, S, K, Ag, etc. Compounds: Substances that can be separated into simpler substances only by chemical means. Example: NaCl, H2O 5

Classification of Matter Elements: The simplest forms of matter that can exist under normal laboratory conditions. Elements are represented with a one or two letter chemical symbol. Example: Na, S, K, Ag, etc. Compounds: Substances that can be separated into simpler substances only by chemical means. Example: NaCl, H2O 6

Mixtures Mixture: A physical blend of two or more substances. Examples: dinner salad and salt water(solution) A MIXTURE can be separated by physical methods whereas a COMPOUND can not Heterogeneous mixture: A mixture that is not uniform in composition. Example: chef salad Homogeneous mixture: A mixture that is completely uniform composition. Example: salt water 7

Heterogeneous Mixtures A mixture with an uneven texture and the components of the mixture can be detected with the eyes.

Homogeneous Mixtures A uniform mixture at the particulate level that consists of two or more substances in the same phase. Homogeneous mixture are often referred to as solutions. Solid phase homogeneous mixture are referred to as alloys. (e.g. brass, 14K gold, etc.)

Examples of Homogeneous Mixtures Also: Salt Water, Sugar Water and most clean air

SUSPENSION a heterogenous mixture that settles to the bottom of the container

Representation of Pure Substances and Mixtures Mixture of elements and compounds Compound Mixture Element Compound Mixture of compounds 12

Separation of mixtures Separation Techniques - Physical Methods Magnetic removal: If there is iron,nickel, cobalt Filtration: A solid which has not dissolved in a liquid can be separated by filtration Hand sorting particles: Decanting: Pouring off the less dense liquid Crystallisation: The solution is warmed in an open container, allowing the solvent to evaporate, leaving a saturated solution Distillation: A liquid can be separated from a mixture of liquids in a solution by fractional distillation Chromatography: a technique that separates the components of a mixture (called the mobile phase) on the basis of the tendency of each to travel or be drawn across the surface of another material (called the stationary phase) 13

Distillation

Decide if the substances is Element, Compound, or Mixture? Water Table Salt Oxygen Dirt Air Copper Soda Steel Rain Ice-cream Compound Element Mixture 15

In which state of matter do the particles spread out in all directions, filling their container? Solid Liquid Gas

What is any material made up of only ONE kind of matter called? Compound Element Substance State

What are the characteristics of a material that can only be seen when the material changes and a NEW material is formed? A. Metric properties B. Physical properties C. Chemical properties D. International properties

A mixture in which particles of different substances are mixed evenly throughout: Compound Solution State Formula

Liquid water freezing to become ice is a: Physical Change Chemical Change

When iron rusts, this is a: Physical Change Chemical Change

Odor, shape, color and temperature are: Chemical properties Physical properties Compounds Elements

Properties of Matter HCl is soluble in water Distinguish between physical and chemical properties Physical Property – a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the sample’s composition (e.g. color, density, buoyancy, viscosity, and freezing point) Chemical Property – the ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances HCl is soluble in water physical property HCl is corrosive to metals chemical property HCl burns skin 24

Extensive and Intensive Properties Physical properties of matter are categorized as Intensive or Extensive: Intensive - Properties that do not depend on the amount of the matter present. Color Odor Conductivity Hardness Melting/Freezing Point Boiling Point Density Extensive - Properties that do depend on the amount of matter present. Mass Weight Volume Length

Physical Properties of Matter Density shows how tightly the matter within the object is packed together. equal to 1 g/mL

Anything with a density of GREATER than 1g/mL will sink in water Anything with a density LESS than 1g/mL will float in water.

Physical Properties of Matter Buoyancy The ability of a liquid or gas to push up on an object placed in it For example, you in a swimming pool Ships are built to be less dense than water. The curved shape of a ship displaces the water around it, or moves it out of the way.

If the buoyant force is greater than the weight, then object FLOATS! If not…it sinks.

Archimedes’ Principle States that the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. If the buoyant force is greater or equal to the boats weight, the boat floats. If the buoyant force is not greater than the boat, it sinks!

Physical Properties of Matter Viscosity A measure of a material’s resistance to flow Which substance here has a higher viscosity? How can it be measured? Viscosity is a property of fluids, along with density and buoyancy. Viscosity is the measure of a material’s resistance to flow. In this example, catsup has a higher viscosity, since it resists flow much more than water. This is something that many people have actually experienced. It may be fun to ask people to try and give examples of materials that they see everyday that have high viscosity. Some may include molasses, honey, certain kinds of glue, nacho cheese dip, some kinds of paint, and many other materials. If we could measure how fast the liquid actually moves, we could get a better idea of a material’s viscosity. However, this could get messy and the equipment we need to use like the photogates and the timer don’t get along too well with liquids. What we need to do is keep the liquids contained and keep our work area and equipment free from sticky substances. Luckily, there is an easy, safe and fun solution to this problem. The Viscometer.

Define physical change and list several common physical changes. a change which alters a substance without changing its composition Examples: Cutting Bending Melting Freezing Condensing Vaporizing Boiling

Chemical Changes Chemical change Evidence of chemical change: involves a change in a substance’s composition Evidence of chemical change: - gas bubbles evolved - precipitate (ppt) or solid formed - heat released/absorbed - light released - change in color Exothermic Reaction: Release heat, feel warm to the touch Endothermic Reaction: Absorb heat, feel cool.

Law of Conservation of Mass Chemical Reaction: 1 or more substances are changed into new substances Products: Substances formed Reactants: Starting substances Apply the law of conservation of mass to chemical reactions. Mass is neither created nor destroyed during a chemical reaction Mass is conserved! Massreactants = Massproducts