Hypnosis An altered state of consciousness brought on by special techniques and that produces responsiveness to suggestions for changes in experience.

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Presentation transcript:

Hypnosis An altered state of consciousness brought on by special techniques and that produces responsiveness to suggestions for changes in experience and behavior Hypnotic susceptibility is the degree to which a person responds to hypnotic suggestions Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Characteristics of Hypnotically Susceptible People A better ability to focus attention and ignore distraction An active imagination A tendency to fantasize A capacity for processing information quickly and easily A tendency to be suggestible Positive attitudes toward hypnosis A willingness to be hypnotized Most important characteristic Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Main Changes in People During Hypnosis Reduced planning Redistributed attention Enhanced ability to fantasize Increased role-taking Reduced reality-testing Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Explaining Hypnosis State Theory: Hypnosis creates an altered state of consciousness Role Theory: Hypnotized people are acting in accordance with a social role that demands compliance Hypnosis is not a special state of consciousness Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Explaining Hypnosis (cont.) Figure 9.11 Reports of Pain in Hypnosis Dissociation Theory: Hypnosis is a socially agreed-upon opportunity to display one’s ability to let mental functions become dissociated Hilgard, E. R. (1977) Divided consciousness: Multiple controls and in human thought and action. New York: Wiley

Applications of Hypnosis Has proven useful in relation to pain management Hypnotic suggestions can reduce: Nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy Surgical bleeding The use of hypnosis to aid memory is more controversial Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Psychoactive Drugs Psychoactive drugs affect the brain, changing consciousness and other psychological processes To create their effects, these drugs must cross the blood-brain barrier Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Factors that Influence the Effects of Psychoactive Drugs With which neurotransmitter systems does the drug interact? How does the drug affect these neurotransmitters or their receptors? What psychological functions are performed by the brain systems that use these neurotransmitters? Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.12 Agonists and Antagonists

The Varying Effects of Drugs Substance Abuse: A pattern of drug use that causes serious social, legal, or interpersonal problems for the user Psychological Dependence: Person continues drug use despite its adverse effects Needed for a sense of well-being Becomes preoccupied with obtaining the drug But, can still function without the drug Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

The Varying Effects of Drugs (cont.) Addiction: A physiological state where one not only strongly craves the drug, but the drug is also necessary to prevent withdrawal syndrome Physical dependence on the drug Tolerance: Person needs increasingly larger drug doses to produce the same effect Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Expectations and Drug Effects Expectations about drug effects develop, in part, as one watches other people react to drugs Helps to explain the variability seen in drug effects across cultures Expectations about a drug’s effect can influence how much of it people will consume Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Figure 9.13 Expectancies and Alcohol Consumption

Depressants Reduces or depresses CNS activity, partly by increasing activity of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA Examples Barbituates Alcohol Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Effects of Alcohol Affects several neurotransmitters, including dopamine, endorphins, glutamate, serotonin, and GABA Enhances the effect of endorphins Interacts with dopamine systems, a component of the brain’s reward systems Prolonged use can affect brain’s ability to regulate dopamine levels Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Effects of Alcohol (cont.) Depresses activity in the locus coeruleus, an area that helps activate the cerebral cortex Reduced cortical activity tends to cause cognitive changes and a release of inhibitions Impairs hippocampus, causing memory problems Suppresses cerebellum, causing poor motor coordination Overdoses can be fatal because alcohol depresses hindbrain mechanisms that control vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Effects of Alcohol (cont.) Some effects depend on both biochemical factors and on learned expectations Biological effects depend on amount of alcohol the blood carries to the brain Biochemical effects also influenced by genetics Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Stimulants Increases behavioral and mental activity Examples Amphetamines Cocaine Caffeine Nicotine MDMA (“Ecstasy”) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Opiates Can induce sleep and relieve pain Highly addictive class of drugs Examples Opium Morphine Heroin Codeine Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Hallucinogens Also called psychedelics Creates a loss of contact with reality and alters other aspects of emotion, perception, and thought Examples LSD Ketamine Marijuana Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.