Designing a green gas supply to meet a regional seasonal demand A case study J. Bekkering MSc. E.J. Hengeveld MSc. Prof. Dr. W.J.T. van Gemert Prof. Dr. A.A. Broekhuis This project is part-financed by the municipality of Groningen, province of Groningen, the European Union, European Regional Development Fund, the Ministry of Economic Affairs “Pieken in de Delta” and “Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland”, and is supported by Energy Valley.

Introduction Model Case Study Results Conclusions Outline Introduction Model Case Study Results Conclusions 2/19

Season dependent gas demand (8 bar grid) 1. Introduction Season dependent gas demand (8 bar grid) winter summer 3/19

Season dependent gas demand 1. Introduction Season dependent gas demand Demand (modeled) Green gas supply 4/19

1. Introduction Research question Which combination of green gas production types, production scales and production locations gives the lowest cost price of injected green gas, when the gas demand in a geographical region must be met by green gas to a desired extent? 5/19

2. Model 6/19

2. Model 1. Production 3. Injection 2. Pipe transport Production on farms: 1. Flexible production 2. Winter production 3. Constant production with storage 7/19

Flexible Production (fp) 2. Model Flexible Production (fp) Demand fp 8/19

Flexible Production (fp) 2. Model Flexible Production (fp) Difference 9/19

Winter Production (wp) 2. Model Winter Production (wp) 10/19

Constant production with Storage (cs) 2. Model Constant production with Storage (cs) cs 11/19

Distribution grid (8 bar grid) 3. Case study Distribution grid (8 bar grid) 12/19

Production locations (on selected farms) 3. Case study Production locations (on selected farms) 13/19

Possible injection locations (with capacities) 3. Case study Possible injection locations (with capacities) 14/19

Increasing Gas Demand Coverage (GDC) 3. Case study 5 scenarios Increasing Gas Demand Coverage (GDC) Scenario   1 2 3 4 5 GDC 10 % 20 % 50 % 80 % 100 % Production types fp fp, wp fp, wp, cs Minimum cost price (€ct/Nm3) calculations using mixed integer linear programming 15/19

Results: Production and Injection locations Scenario 4 (GDC = 80%) Scenario 2 (GDC = 20 %) 16/19

Results: Cost price injected green gas 17/19

5. Conclusions Main conclusions Green gas production types, scales and locations are influential factors in achieving the lowest cost price. ‘Winter’ production plays an important role in achieving a realistic seasonal gas demand coverage at comparable costs. Cost price does not necessarily increase at increasing gas demand coverage. 18/19

Thank you for your attention! J. Bekkering MSc. E.J. Hengeveld MSc. Prof. Dr. W.J.T. van Gemert Prof. Dr. A.A. Broekhuis This project is part-financed by the municipality of Groningen, province of Groningen, the European Union, European Regional Development Fund, the Ministry of Economic Affairs “Pieken in de Delta” and “Samenwerkingsverband Noord-Nederland”, and is supported by Energy Valley. 19/19

Scenario   Farm 1 (𝐺𝐷𝐶 = 10 %) 2 20 %) 2a 23.3 %) 3 50 %) 4 𝐺𝐷𝐶 = 80 %) 5 100 %) F1 - fp150 wp200 (2x) F2 wp250 wp200 F3 wp300 wp300 (2x) F4 F5 fp100 wp100 cs100

Scenario Injection station 1 (𝐺𝐷𝐶 = 10 %) 2 (𝐺𝐷𝐶 = 20 %) 2a (𝐺𝐷𝐶 = 23.3 %) 3 (𝐺𝐷𝐶 = 50 %) 4 (𝐺𝐷𝐶 = 80 %) 5 (𝐺𝐷𝐶 = 100 %) I1 - F1, F2, F3 F1, F3 I2 I3 I4 F5 F4, F5 I5

Scenario 3 Farm F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 Weighted average Production type fp150 wp250 wp300 - n.a. Average production* (Nm3/h) 150 133 217 Production cost price (€ct/Nm3) 80.4 91.0 76.3 81.5 Connection to injection station I1 Pipe transport cost price (€ct/Nm3) 2.5 3.6 2.6 2.8