The Human Body: An Orientation

The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures ANATOMICAL POSITION: face front, palms up, thumbs out

Directional Terms Superior : means the part is above another or closer to head (cranial ). Inferior: means the part is below another or towards the feet (caudal). Anterior: means towards the front (the eyes are anterior to the brain) – Posterior: means toward the back (the pharynx is posterior to the oral cavity) - [dorsal]. Medial : relates to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal right and left halves (the nose is medial to the eyes). Lateral: means to words the side with respect to the imaginary midline (the ears are lateral to the eyes).

Orientation and Directional Terms Look at the hand-out now Table 1.1

Directional Terms Ipsilateral: the same side (the spleen and descending colon are ipsilateral ). Contralateral : Refers to the opposite side (the spleen and gallbladder are contralateral ). Proximal : is used to describe a part that is closer to the trunk of the body or closer to another specified point of reference than another part (the elbow is proximal to the wrist). Distal: it means that a particular body part is farther from the trunk or farther from another specified point of reference than another part (fingers are distal to the wrist). Superficial: means situated near the surface. Peripheral also means outward or near the surface. Deep: is used to describe parts that are more internal .

Orientation and Directional Terms Look at the hand-out: Table 1.1

Using Table 1.1 Before continuing, take a minute to check your understanding of what you have read in Table 1.1. Give the relationship between the following body parts using the correct anatomical terms. The wrist is _________ to the hand. The breastbone is _________ to the spine. The brain is _________ to the spinal cord. The thumb is _________ to the fingers. (Be careful here. Remember the anatomical position.)

Regional Terms Axial part : includes the head, neck, and trunk. Appendicular part : Includes the limbs which are attached to the body's axis.

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS • abdominal : anterior body trunk inferior to ribs • acromial : point of shoulder • antebrachial : forearm • antecubital : anterior surface of elbow • axillary : armpit • brachial): arm • buccal: cheek area • carpal: wrist

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS • cervical : neck region • coxal : hip • crural : leg • deltoid : curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle • digital : fingers, toes • femoral : thigh • fibular : lateral part of leg • frontal : forehead

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS • inguinal : area where thigh meets body trunk; groin Nasal : nose area • oral: mouth • orbital : eye area • patellar : anterior knee • pelvic : area overlying the pelvis anteriorly • pubic : genital region • sternal: breastbone area • tarsal : ankle region • thoracic : chest • umbilical : navel

ANTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS Label your diagram in pencil based on the descriptions you copied Then we’ll check

POSTERIOR BODY LANDMARKS calcaneal : heel of foot cephalic : head femoral: thigh gluteal : buttock lumbar : area of back between ribs and hips occipital : posterior surface of head olecranal : posterior surface of elbow popliteal : posterior knee area sacral : area between hips scapular: shoulder blade region sural : the posterior surface of lower leg; the calf vertebral : area of spine

Body Landmarks – label your figure Posterior Label your diagram in pencil based on the descriptions you copied Then we’ll check

DORSAL BODY CAVITIES - Body cavities - hollow spaces within the human body that contain internal organs. The dorsal body cavity – located toward the back of the body. Divided into: cranial cavity which holds the brain. spinal cavity which holds the spinal cord

VENTRAL BODY CAVITIES The ventral body cavity toward the front of the body, contains all the visceral organs within the chest and abdomen. Divided into: The superior thoracic cavity is separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by the diaphragm .It contains the lungs, heart, and others The mediastinum separates the lungs into right and left cavities. The mediastinum houses the heart, trachea, and other visceral organs. abdominal cavity contains the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs pelvic cavity contains the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum.

Abdominal and Pelvic Body Cavities Because the abdominopelvic cavity is quite large and contains many organs: it helps to divide it up into smaller areas for study. medical personnel divide this cavity into four more or less equal regions called quadrants.

Abdominopelvic Quadrants Divided into 4 quadrants: Right upper Left upper Right lower Left lower

Abdominopelvic Major Organs Figure 1.8c

The umbilical region is the centermost region, deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel) The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region The hypogastric (pubic) region is inferior to the umbilical region. The right and left iliac, or inguinal, regions are lateral to the hypogastric region (iliac = superior part of the hip bone).

The right and left lumbar regions lie lateral to the umbilical region (lumbus = loin) The right and left hypochondriac regions flank the epigastric region and contain the lower ribs (chondro = cartilage).

Read the article on imaging and Reading assignment Read the article on imaging and illuminating the body

Medical Imaging Techniques that are essential for diagnosing a wide range of disorders . Conventional radiography = X-rays pass through the body and expose on X- ray film, producing a negative image. CT scans or CAT scans = X-rays pass through the body , tissues absorb small amounts of radiation depending on their densities , and the absorption is indicated on a monitor. Effective for tumor, kidney stones, gallstones, etc.

X-Rays CT scan through anterior abdomen

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) = magnetism is applied to the human Body, and the response of atoms' nuclei in a tissue will produce a computerized image . Hydrogen ion nuclei is most popular . Ultrasound (US) = high – frequency sound waves are applied to body. When sound waves make contact with an object, certain amount of sound bounces back and be detected as image called sonogram.

MRI Liver ultrasound with tumors

Body membranes Body membranes – tissue linings of body cavities and coverings of internal organs. parietal membrane lining of body cavity (e.g.parietal pleural membrane lines the pleural cavity ) visceral membrane covering of internal organ(e.g. visceral pleural membrane lines the surfaceof the lungs).

Body Planes Sagittal divides into Left and Right Front & Back Top & Bottom Mid-saggital into anterior & posterior superior & inferior equal halves Equal halves

Body Planes mid-saggital frontal transverse