The BLAIRR Irradiation Facility Hybrid Spallation Target Optimization Brookhaven Linear Accelerator IRRadiation Test Facility N. Simos, A. Hanson, D. Brown, M. Elbakhshwan Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, NY 11973 Presented at the 6th High Power Targetry Workshop Oxford, England April 11-15, 2016

Brookhaven Linear Accelerator IRRadiation Test Facility (BLAIRR) BLAIRR April 12, 2016

BLAIRR April 12, 2016

BLAIRR STUDY STATUS OVERVIEW Beamline Complex Evaluation/Assessment and Adaptation to the Goals Facility Radiological Constraints – Large scale analyses of conventional facility and integrated shield (concrete, soil) Target Optimization and Design: Beam-target interaction optimization Hadronic interaction and energy deposition limitations Single phase and Hybrid target concepts Irradiation Damage Thermo-mechanical considerations Spallation neutron fluence optimization for (a) fast neutron irradiation damage (b) moderator/reflector studies, (c) NTOF potential and optimization (d) mono-energetic neutron beam BLAIRR April 12, 2016

BLAIRR and the Beamline Complex NToF lines Transfer Line Target Station -1 Simos_BLAIRR_ADS_July17_2014

Phase I It is proposed to develop the BLAIRR facility in stages over time. Phase I is to reconstruct beam lines from the 200 MeV linac BLAIRR – April 12, 2016

Modular Design of BLAIRR: Radiation damage samples and spallation sources are encapsulated in individual cans Be multiplier Can be removed Design to modify radiation type and spectra as needed Easy to change targets Easy to change neutron spallation targets Targets along beam path Those within the proton range are predominately damaged by protons Those beyond the proton range are damage equally by protons and neutrons Targets perpendicular to beam path Damage primarily by neutrons n TOF measurements Can use neutrons from spallation source Can measure neutrons from charged particle interactions BLAIRR – April 12, 2016

BLIP Modular Target Stack BLAIRR would utilize modular stacks similar to BLIP Each target or neutron generator is sealed in a can compatible with the target material Allows for forced coolant flow between the cans The stack can be longer than the stopping length of the protons Other stacks can be inserted outside the beam

First Calculations of Spallation Base Case: 200 MeV protons Tungsten neutron spallation source Molybdenum targets Water Cooled Be multiplier 42 cm diameter 17 cm long Similar to BLIP target stack Alternate layers of neutron spallation materials with targets and water BLAIRR – April 12, 2016

Base Case Model: Blue – Water Yellow – Beryllium Green – Tungsten Red - Molybdenum Beam Direction   BLAIRR April 12, 2016

Base Case Model: Blue – Water Yellow – Beryllium Green – Tungsten Red - Molybdenum Neutron Detectors Beam Direction BLAIRR April 12, 2016

Results of Base Case BLAIRR April 12, 2016

Modifications to the Base Case Reduce beryllium multiplier to 32 cm diameter, 13 cm long Remove beryllium multiplier Instead of tungsten other High-Z neutron spallation materials: Tantalum Thorium Depleted Uranium Thicknesses of materials were selected for the protons to have a total range of 5 layers of neutron generators BLAIRR April 12, 2016

Damage Along the Proton Path BLAIRR April 12, 2016

Damage Perpendicular to the Beam Path BLAIRR April 12, 2016

Comparison of Different Neutron Generators wrt Base Case BLAIRR April 12, 2016

Neutrons Crossing Surfaces of Detectors BLAIRR April 12, 2016

Neutron Spectra at Detectors: W and U BLAIRR April 12, 2016

Phase II – Ions Other Than Protons: Energies Other than 200 MeV A Transfer Line was Built in the 1980’s to bring Heavy Ions from the MP Tandem van de Graaff accelerator to the AGS Booster Extend the transfer line to the BLAIRR Facility Build a Transfer Line from the Booster to BLAIRR Add Booster Extraction Can run both beam lines simultaneously with different ions BLAIRR – April 12, 2016

Ions Available from the Tandem van de Graaff BLAIRR – April 12, 2016

Ions Available from the Booster – For Bulk Damage Ion Species [1] Energy [2] (MeV/nucleon) Maximum Intensity [3] (ions per spill) LET [4] (keV/micron) in water H-1 50 - 2500 2.2 x 1011 1.26 - 0.21 He-4 50 - 1000 0.88 x 1010 5.01 - 0.89 C-12 65 - 1000 1.2 x 1010 36.79 - 8.01 O-16 0.4 x 1010 80.50 - 14.24 Ne-20 70 - 1000 0.10 x 1010 96.42 - 22.25 Si-28 93 - 1000 0.3 x 1010 151 - 44 Cl-35 500 - 1000 0.2 x 1010 80 - 64 Ar-40 350 0.02 x 1010 105.8 Ti-48 150 - 1000 0.08 x 1010 265 - 108 Fe-56 832 - 150 Kr-84 383 2.0 x 107 403 Xe-131 228 5.0 x 107 1204 Ta-181 292 - 342 3.0 x 108 1827 - 1896 Au-197 76 - 165 1 x 108 4828 - 3066 Sequential Field (Fe/H) 1000 Various 150/0.2 Solar Particle Event [5] 30 - 180 BLAIRR – April 12, 2016

Facility Radiation Protection Consideration and Infrastructure Upgrade Developed models have been BENCHMARKED against field measurements with exceptional results (BLIP LHC target activation and decay, Tandem Experiment) Based on the success of these models to predict radiation effects, FULL scale numerical schemes have been developed specifically for BLAIRR studying the radiological IMPACT on the existing facility and the need for infrastructure upgrade

Conclusions and Future Work We have initiated an preliminary design for the BLAIRR target array that would allow us to study radiation damage with protons, neutrons, and a combination of protons and neutrons Design is modular and samples can be placed in the proton beam path, beyond the range of the protons and perpendicular to the proton beam First estimates of radiation damage have been calculated and are presented Several different neutron generating materials have been considered and compared We have not yet studied the neutron spectra in the different regions of the target It is expected that the neutron spectra can be modified with the presence or lack of the Beryllium BLAIRR – April 12, 2016