36th Annual conference of IASP A comparative Study of some common Indicators of Women’s Empowerment in Nigeria and Uttar Pradesh (India) using NDHS-2008 and NFHS-3 data. Asabe Ibrahim1, Prof. Sushama Tripathi2, Dr Alok Kumar3 1. Research Scholar, Department of Statistics (BHU). Email: asabeibrahim@gmail.com 2. Professor, Department of Statistics, BHU. Email: sushamatripathy@rediffmail.com 3. Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicines (IMS-BHU). Email: alokkumar@hotmail.com Introduction Results and Findings Results and Findings Cont. Nigeria Uttar Pradesh Human race is like a two-winged bird. One wing is female the other wing is male. Unless both wings are equally developed, the human race will not be able to fly. Women constitute a very significant and indispensable portion of the population across the world, but many developing countries have not yet fully appreciate the important roles women can play in the transformation of their countries when fully empowered. Asaju and Adagba (2013) said the progress and development of any nation is contributed by the women in the society. As such women can be seen as a tool for positive change, depending on how well they are treated and the level of opportunities given to them to actualise their potentials. The struggle to empower women should be done at every level and it should overcome the barriers of caste, tribe, class, race, region, religion and the likes. We have to accept the fact that things are not going to change overnight, and we cannot stop taking action either. Empowerment is defined in several ways depending on the purpose or usage of the term. It can be referred to as “the process by which the powerless gain greater control over the circumstances of their lives. Percent Distribution of indicators of women’s empowerment. Odds Ratio and of Logistic Regression of women autonomy by various covariates CHARACTERISTICS NIGERIA UTTAR PRADESH (INDIA) ODDS RATIO 95% CI RESPONDENT AGE   15 -24 (REF) 25 -34 yrs 1.154* 1.035 - 1.287 1.930** 1.719 - 2.1680 35 - 49 1.633** 1.410 - 1.890 2.745** 2.332 - 3.231 AGE AT MARRIAGE 0.993 0.859 - 1.147 1.175 0.799 - 1.728 1.158 0.643 - 2.085 1.336* 1.1804 - 1.513 AGE AT 1ST BIRTH 1.025 0.899 - 1.168 0.755* 0.601 - 0.949 0.623 0.385 - 1.011 0.792* 0.692 - 0.906 PARTNER'S AGE < 40YRS > 40YRS 0.937 0.857 - 1.025 1.226** 1.056 - 1.424 TYPE OF RESIDENCE Rural (REF) Urban 1.292** 1.183 - 1.411 0.457** 0.404 - 0.517 RESPONDENT LEVEL OF EDUCATION No education (REF) Primary education 1.721** 1.556 - 1.904 1.155 0.992 - 1.345 Secondary/Higher education 1.974** 1.764 - 2.209 1.158* 1.020 - 1.314 PARTNER'S LEVEL OF EDUCATION 1.506** 1.355 - 1.674 1.098 0.934 - 1.292 1.402** 1.259 - 1.562 1.01 0.897 - 1.138 HUSBAND/WIFE AGE GAP UP TO 5 YEARS (REF) MORE THAN 5 YEARS 0.633** 0.584 - 0.686 1.007 0.914 - 1.109 HUSBAND/WIFE EDUCATION GAP < 5 YEARS (REF) 5+ YEARS 0.351** 0.319 - 0.3852 0.856** 0.762 - 0.963 Low (REF) Middle 1.251** 1.137 - 1.377 0.848* 0.745 - 0.966 High 1.375** 1.235 - 1.531 0.739** 0.642 - 0.852 PARITY 0 - 2 Children (REF) 3 - 5 children 1.039 0.946 - 1.142 1.975** 1.789 - 2.179 More than 5 children 1.036 0.913 - 1.175 2.094** 1.304 - 1.589 Results of Logistic regression by background characteristics CHARACTERISTICS DECISION MAKING WIFE BEATING REFUSING SEXUAL INTERCOURSE Odds Ratio (CI) RESPONDENT AGE NIG UP 25 -34 yrs 1.543**(1.376 - 1.730) 2.1853**(1.943 - 2.458) 0.723**(0.637 - 0.820) 1.063(0.917 - 1.232) 1.084(0.956 - 1.229) 1.33*(1.111 - 1.594) 35 - 49 yrs 2.813**(2.411 - 3.282) 3.376**(2.856 - 3.991) 0.624**(0.527 - 0.740) 1.101(0.906 - 1.338) 1.211*(1.023 - 1.434) 1.325*(1.042 - 1.686) TYPE OF RESIDENCE   Urban 1.280**(1.166 - 1.404) 0.367**(0.323 - 0.417) 1.209**(1.086 - 1.346) 2.140**(1.822 - 2.514) 1.135*(1.023 - 1.259) 0.691**(0.569 - 0.838) PARTNER'S LEVEL OF EDUCATION Primary education 1.652**(1.483 - 1.841) 1.029(0.869 - 1.220) 0.988(0.877 - 1.113) 0.971(0.808 - 1.166) 1.243**(1.102 -1.403) 1.459**(1.169 - 1.822) Secondary/Higher education 1.561**(1.398 - 1.744) 0.814*(0.719 - 0.921) 0.937(0.829 - 1.061) 0.997(0.870 - 1.143) 1.348**(1.189 -1.528) 1.699**(1.441 - 2.003) COUPLE'S AGE GAP MORE THAN 5 YEARS 0.674**(0.606 - 0.749) 1.161**(1.054 - 1.278) 1.030(0.915 - 1.160) 1.004(0.892 - 1.131) 1.047(0.929 - 1.178) 0.816**(0.77 - 0 . 941) HUSBAND/WIFE EDUCATION GAP 5+ YEARS 1.074(0.887 - 1.301) 0.865*(0.772 - 0.970) 1.079(0.872 -1.337) 1.213*(1.056 1.392) 0.839(0.672 - 1.047) 0.962(0.805 - 1.149) STANDARD OF LIVING Middle 1.419**(1.285 -1.566) 0.840*(0.735 - 0.9605 0.935(0.839 - 1.038) 0.922(0.795 -1.069) 1.073(0.962 - 1.198) 1.050(0.872 - 1.264) High 1.545**(1.382 - 1.727) 0.691**(0.597 - 0.799) 0.632**(0.558 - 0.717) 0.655**(0.550 - 0.781) 1.326**(1.168 - 1.505) 1.257*(1.012 - 1.562) PARITY 3 - 5 children 0.971(0.879 - 1.072) 2.153**(1.950 - 2.376) 1.118(0.999 - 1.253) 1.263**(1.114 - 1.433) 1.039(0.931 -1.159) 1.177*(1.006 - 1.378) More than 5 children 0.818*(0.717 - 0.934) 2.732**(2.398 - 3.112) 1.423**(1.228 - 1.649) 1.676**(1.448 1.939) 1.049(0.907 - 1.214) 0.753*(0.632 - 0.897) Need for the Study A comparative scientific study enable us understand the differences and commonalities between the two populations. Such a study will help us to establish whether international agenda on women’s empowerment differs in execution in the two populations and the extent this may occur. A comparative study can show the extent to which some demographic and socio-economic variables such as age, education level, work status, standard of living and other developmental variables affects women’s empowerment in different cultures and backgrounds. This study, therefore, examined and compared women’s empowerment in two populations (Nigeria and Uttar Pradesh (India). Background characteristics by Women’s empowerment indicators Nigeria Uttar Pradesh to explore, examine and compare some major indicators of women’s empowerment that are common to the two- study populations. to determine the level of women empowerment in the two population using the women empowerment index (WEI). Objective: The specific objectives of this study are Conclusions Women’s autonomy increases by their age, education, standard of living, in Nigeria and Uttar Pradesh (India). Majority of women in the two populations does not justify to wife beating by husband. More than 50% of the women considered in the study justified refusing sexual intercourse based on the stated reasons. The Women Empowerment Index value obtained signifies that women in Nigeria are slightly less empowered than those in Uttar Pradesh(India) Data and Methodology The data used for this study is the 2008 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS), and the 2005/06 India National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3). Indicators of women’s empowerment : Decision making (DMP); Attitude towards wife beating (AWB), and Attitude towards refusing sexual intercourse (RSI) – Dependent Variable Currently married women aged 15-49 years were considered in the analysis. Socio and Demographic variables: Age of respondent, age at marriage, age at 1st birth, number of children, residence, educational status, and wealth status – Independent variables Cross tabulation was used for Bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis is carried out by the help of logistic regression. WEI for each population was computed by the relation given as WEI = α* HDMP+β*ATWB+γ*ARSI References Acharya D.R, Women's autonomy in household decision-making: a demographic study in Nepal. Reproductive Health. 2010. Chung. D. B, Kantachote. K, Mallick. A, Polster.R, Roets. K, Indicators of Women’s Empowerment in Developing Nations, Workshop in International Public Affairs Spring 2013. Haque . M.M, et al, Women Empowerment or Autonomy: A Comparative view in Bangladesh Context, Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology, Volume 8, Number 2. July 2011.