U.S. History 1877-Present 3rd Nine Week Benchmark Test Review Power Point (use along with Study Guide if needed)

USII.2a: The Great Plains 1. Physical features and climate of the Great Plains: Flatlands that rise gradually from east to west Land eroded by wind and water Frequent dust storms Low rainfall

USII.2a: The Great Plains The 8 inventions/adaptations of the Great Plains: *barbed wire *beef cattle raising *steel plows *wheat farming *dry farming *windmills *sod houses *railroads

USII.2b: Advances in Transportation 2. Advances in transportation linked resources, products, and markets by: a. Moving natural resources such as copper and lead to eastern factories. b. Moving iron ore deposits to sites of steel mills in Pittsburgh c. Transporting finished products to national markets.

USII.2b: Advances in Transportation 3. Three examples of manufacturing areas that were located near centers of population included: a. Textile in New England (Northeast) b. Automobile in Detroit (Midwest) c. Steel in Pittsburgh (Northeast)

USII.3a Reconstruction The 13th Amendment banned slavery in the United States and any of its territories. The 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born in the United States and guarantees them equal protection under the law. The 15th Amendment ensures all citizens the right to vote regardless of race or color or previous condition of servitude.

USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems 1. Reconstruction policies were harsh and created problems in the South. 2. Reconstruction attempted to give meaning to the freedom that the former enslaved African Americans had achieved.

USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems 3. Reconstruction policies and problems included: Southern military leaders could not hold office. African Americans could hold public office. c. African Americans gained equal rights as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which authorized the use of federal troops for its enforcement.

USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued: d. Northern soldiers supervised the South e. Freedman’s Bureau was established to aid former enslaved African American in the South. f. Southerners resented northern “carpetbaggers”, who took advantage of the South during Reconstruction.

USII.3b Reconstruction Policies and Problems continued: 4. Reconstruction ended with the Election of 1876. a. Federal troops were removed. b. Rights that African Americans gained were lost through black codes.

USII. 3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass Abraham Lincoln: Reconstruction plan called for reconciliation. 2. Preservation of the Union was more important than punishing the South.

USII. 3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued Robert E. Lee: 1. Urged Southerners to reconcile at the end of the war and reunite as Americans when some wanted to continue to fight. 2. Became president of Washington College which is now known as Washington and Lee University.

USII. 3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E USII.3c: The Legacy of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, and Frederick Douglass continued Frederick Douglass: 1. Fought for adoption of constitutional amendments that guaranteed voting rights. 2. Had a powerful voice for human rights and civil liberties for all.

USII.4a Westward Expansion 1. New opportunities and technological advances led to westward migration following the Civil War.

USII.4a Westward Expansion 2. The 5 reasons for westward expansion: *Opportunities for land ownership *Technological advances, including the Transcontinental Railroad *Possibility of wealth created by the discovery of gold and silver *Adventure *A new new beginning for former slaves, also called Exodusters.

USII.4a Westward Expansion continued 3. The Impact on American Indians: a. Opposition by American Indians to westward expansion (Battle of Little Big Horn, Sitting Bull, and Geronimo). b. Forced relocation from traditional lands to reservations (Chief Joseph, Nez Perce’). c. Reduced population through warfare and disease (Battle of Wounded Knee).

USII.4a Westward Expansion continued d. Assimilation attempts and lifestyle changes, e.g. reduction of buffalo population. e. Reduced their homeland through treaties that were broken. f. American Indians were not considered citizens until 1924.

Hope for better opportunities USII.4b: Immigration 1. Reasons for increased immigration were: Hope for better opportunities Escape from oppressive governments Adventure Religious Freedom

USII.4b: Immigration 2. The 3 reasons why cities developed: *Specialized industries -steel-Pittsburgh -meatpacking-Chicago *Immigration from other countries *Movement of Americans from rural to urban areas for job opportunities

USII.4b: Immigration -Thomas Edison 3. Inventions that created great change and industrial growth in the United States: *lighting and mechanical uses of electricity -Thomas Edison *telephone service -Alexander Graham Bell

USII.4b: Immigration 4. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced interaction and often conflict between different cultural groups.

USII.4b: Immigration 5. Population changes, growth of cities, and new inventions produced problems in urban areas.

USII.4b: Immigration 6. Inventions had both POSITIVE and NEGATIVE effects on society.

USII.4b: Immigration 7. Rapid industrialization and urbanization led to overcrowded immigrant neighborhoods and tenements.

USII.4b: Immigration 8. Efforts to solve immigration problems included: *Settlement houses such as Hull House, founded by Jane Addams *Political machines (politicians) that gained power by attending to the needs of new immigrants

USII.4b: Immigration 9. Challenges faced by cities: *Overcrowded and run-down neighborhoods called tenements and ghettos *Political corruption by political machines

10. Interaction and conflict between different cultural groups: Indian policies and wars -land set aside for Native Americans called reservations -last victory for the native Americans: Battle of Little Bighorn -led his people to Canada to escape living on reservations: Chief Joseph

USII.4b: Immigration -Irish 10. Continued Interaction and conflict between different cultural groups: *Discrimination against immigrants: -Chinese -Irish

USII.4c: Jim Crow 1. Discrimination against African Americans continued after Reconstruction. 2. Racial segregation is: *based upon race *directed primarily against African Americans, but other groups were also kept segregated

USII.4c: Jim Crow 3. “Jim Crow” laws were passed to discriminate against African Americans. Although these laws were legal in many communities and states, they were enforced primarily in the Southeast region.

USII.4c: Jim Crow 4. “Jim Crow” laws were characterized by unequal opportunities in housing, work, education, and government.

USII.4c: Jim Crow 5. African American responses included: *Booker T. Washington -believed equality could be achieved through vocational education; accepted social separation *W.E.B. Du Bois -believed in full political, civil, and social rights for African Americans

USII.4d: Big Business 1. Between the Civil War and WWI, the United states was transformed from an agricultural nation to an industrial nation.

USII.4d: Big Business 2. The 4 Reasons for the Rise and Prosperity of Big Business: *National markets created by transportation advances *Captains of Industry: John D. Rockefeller, Oil Andrew Carnegie, Steel Henry Ford, Automobile Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping & Railroads *Advertising *Lower-cost production

USII.4d: Big Business 3. The 4 factors resulting in the growth of industry: *Access to raw materials and energy *Availability of the work force due to immigration *Inventions *Financial resources provided by the captains of industry

*Railroads *Oil *Steel USII.4d: Big Business 4. Examples of Big Business: *Railroads *Oil *Steel

USII.4d: Big Business 5. Industrialization and the rise in big business influenced life on American farms by: *Mechanization (the reaper) which reduced farm labor needs and increased production *Industrial development in cities created increased labor needs *Industrialization provided access to consumer goods, such as mail order

USII.4e Progressive Movement 1. The negative effects of industrialization are: *child labor *low wages & long hours *unsafe working conditions

The rise of organized labor: *Formation of Unions: Growth of American Federation of Labor *Strikes: Aftermath of the Homestead Strike

Progressive Movement workplace reforms *Improved safety conditions *Reduced work hours *Placed restrictions on child labor

Women’s Suffrage *Increased educational opportunities *Attained voting rights -women gained the right to vote with the passage of the 19th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America -Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton worked for women’s suffrage

Temperance Movement *Composed of groups opposed to the making and consuming of alcohol *Supported the 18th Amendments to the Constitution of the United States, prohibiting the making, transport, and sale of alcoholic beverages

USII.2c: Now, check your map:

USII.2c Regions/Significant City Review 1. Meatpacking industry: Midwest 2. New York City: Northeast 3. Automobile industry: Midwest 4. Jim Crow Laws: Southeast 5. San Francisco: Pacific 6. Textile industry: Northeast

USII.2c Region/Significant City Review continued 7. Denver: Western 8. Harlem Renaissance: Northeast 9. Atlanta: Southeast 10. Great Plains: Midwest 11. Ellis Island: Northeast 12. Hull House: Midwest

USII.2c Region/Significant City Review continued 13. Steel industry: Northeast 14. Homestead Strike: Northeast 15. New Orleans: Southeast 16. Juneau: Non-contiguous 17. New England: Northeast 18. Boston: Northeast 19. Pittsburgh: Northeast

USII.2c Region/Significant City Review continued 20. Detroit: Midwest 21. Santa Fe: Southwest 22. Salt Lake City: Western 23. Los Angeles: Pacific 24. Honolulu: Non-contiguous 25. Philadelphia: Northeast

USII.2c Region/Significant City Review continued 26. Angel Island: Pacific 27. Washington D.C.: Southeast 28. St. Louis: Midwest 29. San Antonio: Southwest 30. Seattle: Pacific 31. Chicago: Midwest

USII.2c Region/Significant City Review continued 32. Nebraska: Midwest 33. Ohio: Midwest 34. Maine: Northeast 35. Florida: Southeast 36. North Dakota: Midwest 37. Oklahoma: Southwest 38. Suffolk, Va.: Southeast

Can you name the region for each significant city shown?

Study and do your VERY BEST!