Melissa Bittner Gretchen Debner Lenice Franklin Brittany Spann Behavior Management Techniques for Learners with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Behaviorism Approach Melissa Bittner Gretchen Debner Lenice Franklin Brittany Spann

Learner Attributes for Individuals with ADHD Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V (2013) Individuals with ADHD: Inattention Hyperactivity and Impulsivity Prevalence worldwide of 5.3% Preschool children (2-6%) Adolescents (6-13%) More common in boys (7.8%) than girls (1.8%)

Behavior Management Techniques: Behaviorism Approach The Effects of Added Physical Activity on Performance during a Listening Comprehension Task for Students with and without Attention Problems Participants: Two boys and two girls 10 to 12 years of age Method: Single Case Research Alternating Treatment Design Baseline: Took a test from audio recording Dependent Variables: (1) Percentage of questions answered correctly (2) Time taken to complete test Intervention: A) Sit in chair while doodling on paper B) sitting on exercise ball Return to Baseline (Reversal) – same test as baseline

Behavior Management Techniques: Behaviorism Approach The Effects of Added Physical Activity on Performance during a Listening Comprehension Task for Students with and without Attention Problems Results

Behavior Management Techniques: Behaviorism Approach Exercise Reduces the Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Improves Social Behavior, Motor Skills, Strength and Neuropsychological Parameters Systematic Review: sums up best available research on a certain research question by using defined procedures to evaluate results of relevant research . Methods: Literature from PubMed, MEDLINE, and SportDiscus Search terms: ‘ADHD’, ‘attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder’, ‘exercise’ Key words: ‘physical activity’, ‘training’, ‘movement’, ‘child’, ‘youth’, ‘adolescent’ and ‘boy’.

Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Exercise Reduces the Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Improves Social Behavior, Motor Skills, Strength and Neuropsychological Parameters Inclusion Criteria Exclusion Criteria Peer Reviewed Participants < 14 yo Diagnosed with ADHD, boys & girls Involved physical activity/exercise with children with ADHD Minimum of 2 training sessions/week, 5 sessions total, minimum duration of 5 days Written in English or English abstract Assessment of affects of physical activity on symptoms of ADHD All types of trials and interventions Not older than 10 years Unpublished data Animal studies Studies focused on comorbidities Retrospective interviews, case scenarios, reports, letters of opinions, reviews ADHD as subgroup of children with mental problems Intervention not related to endurance exercise

Behavior Management Techniques: Behaviorism Approach Exercise Reduces the Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Improves Social Behavior, Motor Skills, Strength and Neuropsychological Parameters Systematic Review Reference Number of Participants Type of Exercise Type of Design Used Haffner, (2006) 11 Yoga Cross-over Taylor & Kuo, (2009) 15 Walking Single blind control trial Gapin & Etnier, (2010) 13 Experimental Kang et. al, (2011) 19 Aerobic Training Verret et. al, (2012) 18

Behavior Management Techniques: Behaviorism Approach Exercise Reduces the Symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Improves Social Behavior, Motor Skills, Strength and Neuropsychological Parameters Conclusion Exercise (i.e., yoga, walking, aerobic activity) Reduces symptoms of ADHD Improves social behavior, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters without undesirable side-effects

Conclusion To release restless energy, children with ADHD need to get plenty of exercise. Health experts recommend that children get at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity everyday (CDC, 2008) Being active helps with issues such as: lack of control, impulsivity, and poor social skills in children with ADHD.

References Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder. (2013). Retrieved October 5, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.dsm5.org/documents/adhd%20fact%20sheet.pdf Exercise for Children with ADHD. (2014, July 11.) Retrieved from http://www.google.com/url?q=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.web md.com%2Faddadhd%2Fchildhoodadhd%2Fexercisefor- childrenwithadhd_&sa=D&sntz=1&usg=AFQjCNE1_xX31eZ96dS-I-FqERH2N003Q Friederike-Kamp, C., Holmberg, H., & Sperlich, B. (2014). Exercise reduces the symptoms of attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder and improves social behaviour, motor skills, strength and nuero- psychological parameters. ACTA Paediatrica, 103(7),709-714. doi:10.1111/apa.12628 Gapin, J., & Etnier, J. L. (2010). The relationship between physical activity and executive function performance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Sport Exercise Psychology, 32, 753–63. Haffner, J., Roos, J., Goldstein, N., Parzer, P., & Resch, F. (2006). The effectiveness of body-oriented methods of therapy in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Results of a controlled pilot study. Z Kinder JugendpsychiatrPsychother, 34, 37–47. Kang, K. D., Choi, J. W., Kang, S. G., & Han, D. H. (2011). Sports therapy for attention, cognitions and sociality. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 32, 953–959. Kercood, S., & Banda, D. R. (2012). The Effects of Added Physical Activity on Performance during a Listening Comprehension Task for Students with and without Attention Problems. International Journal Of Applied Educational Studies, 13(1), 19-32. Taylor, A. F., & Kuo, F. E., (2009). Children with attention deficits concentrate better after walk in the park. Journal of Attention Disorder, 12, 402–409. Verret, C., Guay, M. C., Berthiaume. C., Gardiner. P., & Beliveau, L. A. (2012). Physical activity program improves behavior and cognitive functions in children with ADHD: an exploratory study. Journal of Attention Disorder ,16, 71–80. “Youth Physical Activity Guidelines Toolkit”. Centers for Diseasee Control and Prevention. (2008). Retrieved October 5, 2015. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/physicalactivity/guidelines.htm