6 Kingdoms of Life SOL BIO: 5 a-f

Classification Need to organize information Taxonomy – branch of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

Domains and Kingdoms A three domain system of classification is commonly used. • Organisms are placed into domains and kingdoms based on their cell type, their ability to make food, and the number of cells in their bodies. • The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

7 levels of Classification Kingdom Phylum King Phillip Came Class Over From Great Order Spain Family Genus Species

Important People Aristotle- classified based on qualities like shape, ability to do harm, whether they are air, land, or water dwellers Linnaeus- classified based on form and structure; came up with Binomial Nomenclature

Binomial Nomenclature • Definition – Genus is a classification grouping that contains similar, closely related organisms. – The genus is the first word in an organism’s scientific name. – The species is the second word in an organism’s scientific name

When writing in binomial nomenclature: The Genus is always written as a capital letter. The species is always written as a lower case letter. If typing the name, put it in italics If writing the name, underline both the genus and species Example: Homo sapiens

–– The second word in an organism’s name describes a unique feature of the organism. • Definition – Species is a group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce offspring that can also mate and reproduce.

The grouping of organisms into KINGDOMS is based on 3 factors: 1. Cell Type (prokyotic or eukaryotic) 2. Cell Number (unicellular or multicellular) 3. Feeding Type (autotroph or heterotroph)

Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes 1. Cell Type- The presence or absence of cellular structures such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or a cell wall Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes – Bacteria! DO NOT HAVE: An organized nucleus Structured organelles

Eukaryotes DO HAVE: Nucleus organized with a membrane Also have other organelles

2nd criteria for Kingdom Divisions: Cell Number Unicellular- single celled organism – protozoans, bacteria, some algae Multicellular- many celled organism – cells start to specialize/differentiate

Unicellular Multicellular

3rd Criteria for Kingdom Divisions Feeding Type - How the organisms get their food Autotroph Producer Make their own food Heterotroph or Consumer Must eat other organisms to survive Includes decomposers – those that eat dead matter!

6 Kingdoms Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Cell Wall Yes Yes & NO NO Kingdom Cell Type Cell # Feeding Type Archaebacteria Prokaryote Unicellular Autotroph Eubacteria Both Protista Eukaryote Most Unicellular Fungi both Heterotroph Plantae Multicellular Animalia Cell Wall Yes Yes & NO NO

Archaebacteria These are the oldest organisms on earth and although they look like bacteria, they are very different. NONE are pathogenic.

Archaebacteria Ancient bacteria- Live in very harsh environments extremophiles

Archaebacteria Methods of reproduction: ASSEXUAL 1. Fragmentation: organism splits into fragments and each fragment becomes a new organism 2. Budding: organisms form from outgrowths of parent 3. Binary Fission: Organism splits in two

Archaebacteria Main Groups Methanogens: live where there is not oxygen, like swamps and animal intestines, and are responsible for producing methane gas. Halophiles: Live in extremely hot environments that are very salty. Thermophiles: Live in extremely acidic, hot and moist regions near sulfur springs.

Eubacteria These are typical bacteria. They have rigid cell walls and can be dangerous to humans. They are unicellular prokaryotes. They are classified according to their shape

Bacteria Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes

Bacterial Shapes Bacteria come in 3 main shapes Rod or Stick (bacilli) Sphere (cocci) Helical or spiral (spirilla)

Bacterial Locomotion Some bacteria have flagella or cilia for movement Some secrete a slime layer and ooze over surfaces like slugs

Bacterial Nutrition Some bacteria are autotrophs and can photosynthesize Some bacteria are heterotrophs and absorb organic matter from dead or living organisms. Others are chemotrophic and get food by breaking down organic matter.

Bacteria Reproduction Binary fission (asexual) chromosome of the bacteria replicates and organism splits in two Conjugation (sexual) Two individuals join and exchange genetic material in the nucleus

Main Groups Purple Bacteria (Gram Positive) Green Bacteria (Gram Negative) Cyanobacteria These organisms cause tooth decay, turn milk into yogurt, cause food poisoning and convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into forms that plants can use.

Protists Protists include microbes such as slime molds, protozoa and primitive algae that mostly live in water. Most are unicellular but a few are multi-celled and all are eukaryotes.

There are animal-like, fungus-like, and plant-like protists, classified by how they move. Pseudopods: Temporary bulge in cell membrane that fill with cytoplasm Cilia: tiny hair like structures that move like waves. Flagella: thin, long hair-like structure that whips around. )

Animal like protists are heterotrophs: Ex. Sarcodines (pseudopods), Ciliates(cillia) and Zooflagelates(flagella), amoeba Plant Like protists are autotrophs. Ex. Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, algae, diatoms, volvox Fungus Like protists: They are heterotrophs. Ex. Water Molds, Downy Mildews, Slime molds Some protists are beneficial but others cause diseases in humans such as:

Protists Locomotion 3 types of movement: Pseudopod (false foot) Flagella cilia

Disease Protist Vector (carrier) Symptoms Details Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica water diarrhea can get from tap water in some places Giardaisis (beaver fever) Giardia diarrhea, vomiting don't drink water from streams African Sleeping Sickness Trypanosoma Tse tse fly uncontrolled sleepiness, confusion Only found in isolated areas lives in blood Malaria Plasmodium Anopheles mosquito fever, chills, death can be treated with quinine lives in blood results in millions deaths per year Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma cats fetal death or brain damage pregnant women should avoid cat litter

Protists Disease Amebic dysentery Ameba histolytica

Protists Disease Giardiasis (beaver fever)  Giardia

Protists Disease African Sleeping Sickness  Trypanosoma

Protists Disease Malaria Plasmodium

Protists Nutrition Protists can be autotrophs or heterotrophs

ProtistaReproduction Binary Fission (asexual) Conjugation (sexual)

Fungi Kingdom The Kingdom Fungi includes some of the most important organisms because they are decomposers. By breaking down dead organic material, they continue the cycle of nutrients through ecosystems.

Fungi All fungi are eukaryotic They may be unicellular or multicellular All fungi have a cell wall Unicellular (yeast) Multicellular

Fungi Fungi can be very helpful and delicious Penicillin Fungi can be very helpful and delicious Many antibacterial drugs are derived from fungi

Fungi Fungi also causes a number of plant and animal diseases: Athlete's Foot

Fungi Ringworm

Fungi Locomotion Fungi are stationary They have root-like structures that they use for attachment

Fungi Nutrition All fungi are heterotrophs - Saprophytes-get their nutrients from dead organic matter - Mutualists – live symbiotically - Parasites – absorb from a host, eventually killing the host

There are 4 main types of Fungi There are 4 main types of Fungi classified by how they reproduce): Spores (sexual & asexual), Budding (asexual), vegetative growth (asexual, fungus grows straight out of parent) Zygospore (Zygosporangia) common bread molds reproduce by “spores”- asexual reproduction!

There are 4 main types of Fungi 2. Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes) Mushrooms & puffballs Reproduce by spores, some spores are asexual (coming from mitosis) and some are sex spores (coming from meiosis)

There are 4 main types of Fungi 3. Sac Fungi (Ascomycetes) Yeast – reproduce by “budding” = asexual method

There are 4 main types of Fungi 4. Imperfect Fungi (Deuteromycetes) Pharmaceutically important! Fungi on oranges from which penicillin is extracted COMMERCIALLY important! Fungi accounts for the blue vein in blue cheese! Used to make soy sauce. Yum!

Plant Kingdom All plants are multicellular, their cells having a cell wall, and… they are autotrophs

5) Plant Kingdom Eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic Take up water and nutrients in roots; make food in leaves (photosynthesis) Vascular plants: have vascular tissue tubes called xylem and phloem to take up water, can live anywhere Non vascular: must live near water b/c they do not have xylem and phloem

5) Plant Kingdom Reproduction: Alternation of generations: Plants alter between sexual and asexual reproduction. Budding Pollination (Sexual) Can occur by insects, wind, or plant itself Spores

Mosses

Liverworts & Hornworts

Gymnosperms Conifers (pine cones) Oldest vascular plants

Angiosperms - flowering plants

Animalia Kingdom All animals are: Multicellular eukaryotes cells lack a cell wall -Heterotrophs Capable of movement at some point in their lives. Most reproduce sexually, some can reproduce by asexually by budding, fragmentation, regeneration

Criteria for Classification within the Animal Kgdm Body Symmetry 1. Asymmetrical Asymmetrical animals (sponges) have no general body plan or axis of symmetry that divides the body into mirror-image halves.

2. Radial Symmetry Animals (such as coral and jelly fish) have body parts organized about a central axis and tend to be cylindrical in shape.

3. Bilateral Symmetry Bilaterally symmetrical animals (such as humans and fish) have only a single plane of symmetry that produces mirror halves.

Animals with a backbone are called vertebrates. Animals without a backbone are called invertebrates