CLASSIFICATION & TAXONOMY

Why bother? Cougar Mountain lion Puma

Aristotle’s Classification Scheme Greek philosopher who developed first classification system Divided all organisms into 2 GROUPS: Non motile (plants) Motile (animals) Plants grouped by: size (small, medium, large) Animals grouped by: where they lived (air, water, land)

Woodchuck Groundhog

Classification Names organisms and groups them in a logical manner (based on similarities)

Taxonomy Branch of Biology The science of assigning names to organisms using “binomial nomenclature” Universally accepted name Scientific Nomenclature

Binomial Nomenclature Written in Latin Genus species Italicized Genus: Capitalized A genus is a closely related species species: lowercase Members of the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring Example: Homo sapiens

What is Binomial Nomenclature? Binomial Nomenclature- scientifically naming using 2 words. (Latin words) Genus: First word, always capitalized. Group of closely related species. Species: Second word, lowercase. Descriptive. Genus species - whole name italicized Genus Species common name Homo sapiens Humans Eurycea bislineata Salamander

Binomial Nomenclature A system for naming organisms by structure created by Linnaeus: (1707-1778) Although Linneaus didn’t realize it, by classifying organisms by structure he was also classifying them by evolutionary relationships

Scientific & Common Names Scientific Name: genus and species name Iguana iguana Felis domesticus Common name: Organism is commonly called by common name Not used in the scientific community Green Iguana Domestic Cat

The “New” Evolutionary Classification Categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent Not just physical similarities This new method is called: Evolutionary Classification Scientists classify organisms based on their Evolutionary Beginnings

Cladograms A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships Cladograms are useful tools Help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution Derived characters = characteristics that appear in recent lineage but not in older members…used to construct cladograms

Derived characters

Traditional Classification vs. Cladogram Evolutionary Decent: Class Physical Similarities Conical Shells Appendages Crustaceans Gastropoda Crab Barnacle Limpet Molten exoskeleton Segmentation Free-swimming larvae TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION CLADOGRAM

Ways of diagramming Classification Phylogenetic trees- show hierarchy & relationships Cladograms= focuses on evolutionary linkage

Phylogenetic tree: shows descent of organisms from early ancestors Molecular clock: shows time two species have been separately evolving

7 levels from largest to smallest: Carolus Linnaeus: 1707 - 1778 History of Classification Linnaeus’ System of Classification- still used today 7 levels from largest to smallest: Based on physical characteristics and close relationships Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species King Phillip Came Over From Germany Swimming King Phillip Can Order Five Green Shakes.

Kingdoms Broadest of all taxa Grouped into 3 domains: Bacteria – Eubacteria 2. Archae- Archeabacteria 3. Eukarya: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Eukaryote Have a nucleus Have membrane bound organelles Prokaryote No nucleus No membrane bound organelles

Kingdoms Broadest of all taxa Grouped into 3 domains: Bacteria – Eubacteria 2. Archae- Archeabacteria 3. Eukarya: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

The 6 Kingdoms Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Animal Kingdom Multicellular Eukaryotes Heterotrophs NO cell wall Mobile

Animal Kingdom Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, reptiles, mammals Vertebrates & Invertebrates Terrestrial & Aquatic

Plant Kingdom Multicellular Eukaryotes Autotrophs Cell walls containing cellulose Contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis Lack mobility More than 250,000 species

Plant Kingdom

Fungi Kingdom Multicellular (except yeasts) Eukaryotes Heterotrophs Cell walls contain chitin Decomposers (absorb nutrients)

Kingdom Fungi

Kingdom Protista Eukaryotes Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Two main groups: plant like (have cell walls with cellulose, e.g.: phytoplankton) animal like (NO cell walls, e.g.: amoeba) Unicellular or multicellular

Protist Kingdom

Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular Prokaryotes Simple cell walls that are netlike and porous, contain peptidoglycan More abundant than any other organism Both aerobic and anaerobic Heterotrophs & autotrophs 1st forms of life

Eubacteria Examples:Streptococcus, Escherichia coli

Kingdom Archaebacteria Cell walls do NOT contain peptidoglycan Unicellular prokaryotes Some autotrophs, most heterotrophs

Archaebacteria Extremophiles-Can live in very extreme environment, such as very HOT water. Methanogens-love methane Halophiles- love salt

Monerans Concept Map Section 19-1 are classified into the kingdoms of live in harsh environments such as include a variety of lifestyles such as

Monerans Concept Map Section 19-1 Bacteria : are classified into the kingdoms of Eubacteria Archaebacteria live in harsh environments such as include a variety of lifestyles such as Infecting large organisms Thick mud Living in soil Animal digestive tracts Salty lakes Hot springs :

which is subdivided into CONCEPT MAP are characterized by and differing which place them in such as which is subdivided into which place them in which coincides with

CONCEPT MAP Living Things Eukaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells are characterized by Important characteristics and differing which place them in Domain Eukarya Cell wall structures such as which is subdivided into which place them in Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea which coincides with Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria

Domain Kingdom Pro or Euk Nucleus? Y or N Cell Wall?  If Yes: contains Mobile?