MONDAY FEBRUARY 6TH, 2017 Continue Chapter 9 Toxicology PAPERS DUE WEDNESDAY 2/15 AND THURSDAY 2/16 THE PEOPLE V. O.J. SIMPSON IS NOW ON NETFLIX Taking Girl Scout Cookies Orders 5.00 “If you bite on everything they throw at you, they will grind you down. You have to ignore a certain amount of stuff”– Bill Murray Happy National Frozen Yogurt Day Fun Fact: A 30 second commercial cost 5.5 million during the Super Bowl

Drug Identification and Toxicology CHAPTER 9 Drug Identification and Toxicology

INTRODUCTION Toxicology: study of poisons and identification of drugs Examines the harmful effects of poisons and drugs on the body Ways you can be exposed to drugs/toxins Ingestion Inhalation Injection Absorption through the skin

INTRODUCTION Toxicity: degree to which a substance is poisonous or can cause injury Toxicity depends on Dose: How much is ingested or absorbed Duration: frequency and length of exposure Nature of exposure: whether its ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin Individual factors

INTRODUCTION Forensic Toxicology: determines the cause-and-effect relationships between exposure to a drug or other substance and the toxic or lethal effects from that exposure Toxic substances are classified how people are exposed to them Intentionally: taken on purpose to treat an illness or pain Accidentally: unintentional overdose or harmful combinations Deliberately: taken purposely to commit suicide or exposing with the intent to harm or kill others

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 1 Study of poisons and identification of drugs A substance taken purposely to commit suicide 4 things toxicity depends on 4 ways you can be exposed to drugs Toxins or drugs taken on purpose to cure an illness Cause-and-effect relationships between exposure to a drug or other substance

MURDER BY POISON Less than .5% of all homicides result from poisoning Accidental drug overdoses are more common Commonly used poisons Arsenic Cyanide Strychnine Industrial chemicals

MURDER BY POISON Toxicologist must distinguish between acute poisoning and chronic poisoning Acute Poisoning: high dosage over a short period of time Immediately produces symptoms Example: Cyanide Ingestion or Inhalation Chronic Poisoning: lower dosage over a long period of time Symptoms show up gradually Example: Mercury and lead poisoning

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES Controlled Substances: legal drugs whose sale, possession, and use are restricted because of the effect of the drugs and the potential for abuse. Five classes of Controlled Substances Hallucinogens Narcotics Stimulants Anabolic Steroids Depressants

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-HALLUCINOGENS Hallucinogens are often derived from plants but can also be produced chemically Affect the user’s perceptions, thinking, self-awareness and emotions The effect and intensity of response to these drugs varies from person to person Plant Hallucinogens: Peyote, Marijuana, Mushrooms Chemical Hallucinogens: LSD, MDMA, PCP

Overdose Characteristics Drug Overdose Characteristics MDMA (Ecstasy) Increased heart rate and blood pressure, kidney failure, death Mescaline/Peyote Hallucinations, dilated pupils, anxiety, irrationality of thoughts LSD loss of appetite, sleeplessness, increase in body temperature, increased heart rate and blood pressure, hallucinations PCP Increased heart rate and blood pressure, possible death from heart failure. Psychosis that can last for weeks

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-NARCOTICS Narcotics act to reduce pain, can become very habit forming Narcotics Include Opium (heroin and codeine) Painkillers Hydrocodone (Vicodin) Methadone Morphine Oxycodone

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-NARCOTICS Drug Overdose Characteristics Opium Difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, loss of consciousness, coma Heroin Codeine Morphine Coma, sleepiness, blue fingernails and lips, death Methadone Coma, low blood pressure, muscle twitches, blue fingernails and lips Oxycodone Seizures, dizziness, weakness, loss of consciousness, coma, confusion

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 2 Act to reduce pain, can become very habit forming Affect the user’s perceptions, thinking, self-awareness and emotions High dosage over a short period of time Commonly used poisons (4) Lower dosage over a long period of time Heroine, Opium, Morphine are examples of….

MONDAY FEBRUARY 6TH, 2017 Continue Chapter 9 Toxicology PAPERS DUE WEDNESDAY 2/15 AND THURSDAY 2/16 THE PEOPLE V. O.J. SIMPSON IS NOW ON NETFLIX Taking Girl Scout Cookies Orders 5.00 “If you bite on everything they throw at you, they will grind you down. You have to ignore a certain amount of stuff”– Bill Murray Happy National Frozen Yogurt Day Fun Fact: A 30 second commercial cost 5.5 million during the Super Bowl

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-STIMULANTS Stimulants increase feelings of energy and alertness while suppressing appetite As stimulants wear off it often leads to depression Often used to boost endurance and productivity Stimulants include Amphetamines Methamphetamines (more potent than amphetamines) Cocaine Crack Stimulants tend to be highly addictive

Overdose Characteristics Drug Overdose Characteristics Amphetamines (Speed) High blood pressure, rapid heart rate, irregular heartbeats, stroke, seizures, coma, death Cocaine/Crack Dangerous rise in body temperature, seizures, irregular heartbeats, stroke, bleeding in the brain, death Methamphetamines Dangerous rise in body temperature, rapid breathing, increased heart rate, kidney failure, bleeding in the brain, death

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES-ANABOLIC STEROIDS Anabolic steroids promote cell and tissue growth, increasing bone mass and body muscle Steroid are produced in a laboratory, have a chemical structure similar to testosterone Popular with weightlifters, bodybuilders, athletes Side Effects Acne High blood pressure Blood clotting Kidney and liver cancer Heart attacks

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- DEPRESSANTS Drugs which relieve anxiety and produce sleep Depressants act on the Central Nervous System; increasing the activity of the neurotransmitter called GABA Increased GABA production results in drowsiness and slowed brain activity Side Effects Slurred speech Lose of coordination State of intoxication similar to that of alcohol An overdoes may cause slow heart rate, slow breathing, coma and death

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 3 Used to boost endurance and productivity Drugs which relieve anxiety and produce sleep Promote cell and tissue growth; often used by bodybuilders Common Stimulants (4) Side effects include; acne, high blood pressure, blood clotting Increased GABA causes… Causes a rise in body temperature, irregular heartbeats, stroke, bleeding in the brain and death Dangerous rise in body temperature, seizures, irregular heartbeats, stroke, bleeding in the brain, death

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- ALCOHOLS All alcohols are toxic to the body Methanol: not directly poisonous, until it’s converted into formaldehyde in the liver Ethanol: alcohol found in beverages Pure ethanol is tasteless Ethanol is converted into acetaldehyde then into acetic acid To much acetaldehyde in the blood produces symptoms of dehydration, headache, nausea (aka hangover) Chronic alcohol abuse can lead to liver problems

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- BACTERIAL TOXINS Botulism: most poisonous biological substance known to humans Produced by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum Paralyzes muscles Causes irreversible damage to nerve endings Extremely dangerous in small amounts Ingested by eating contaminated food Purified botulinum toxin (Botox) used to treat muscle spasms, headaches, excessive sweating Also used as a cosmetic procedure

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- BACTERIAL TOXINS Tetanus: potentially dangerous central nervous system disease Produced by the bacteria Clostridium tetani Blocks nerve signals from the spinal cord to the muscles Muscle spasms can tear muscles and fracture bones Tetanus is also known as Lockjaw Spasms usually begin in the jaw and can interfere with breathing Causes 1 million deaths a year worldwide You can get vaccinated against the disease (AKA Tetanus Shot)

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- PESTICIDES Pesticides: Toxic, can cause severe illness and death Used for controlling insects, mice, weeds and viruses that threaten plants or food crops Metals: extremely poisonous Often used for suicide or homicide Enter the body by ingestion, inhalation, or by absorption through the skin Metals are stored in soft tissues of the body and damage many organs throughout the body Examples: Arsenic, Lead, Mercury

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- BIOTERRORISM AGENTS Ricin: poisonous protein found in the castor bean Lethal in extremely small amounts Can enter the body in various ways Inhaled as a mist or powder Ingested as food or drink Injected into the body Enters the cells of the body, causing cell death After enough cells in the body die; you die ☺ Can happen within a few hours

CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES- BIOTERRORISM AGENTS Anthrax Caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis Can be spread to humans from infected animals Human to human transmission has not been reported Can enter the body through Inhalation: causing breathing problems that usually result in death Ingestion: become fatal in 25%-60% of cases Absorption via the skin

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING 4 This toxin is only transmitted animal to human, not human to human Most poisonous biological substance known to humans Blocks nerve signals from the spinal cord to the muscles; can cause muscles to be ripped off the bone Lethal in extremely small amounts, toxin enters the cells and causes cell death Examples include Mercury, Arsenic, Lead Arsenic, Lead, Mercury