Powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals by government. Civil Rights Powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals by government.

From Civil Liberties to Civil Rights Requires pro-active protections Not specifically in the constitution Mass action– NOT JUST the 60s “Civil rights era”

Civil Liberties vs Civil Rights Civil Liberties—constraints upon the power of government vis-a-vis its citizens. Civil Rights—powers and privileges guaranteed to individuals by government.

Civil Rights Civil Rights are not specifically stated in the Constitution (implied by XIV Amendment) Civil Rights require the government to be proactive Civil Rights have been won through mass political actions and not only during the 1960s “Civil Rights” Era.

The Struggle for Racial Equality  1857 Dred Scott (Dred Scott v. Sanford)  Civil War (1861-1865)  Constitutional Amendments XIII Abolish Slavery XIV Equal Protection and Due Process XV Right to Vote for Black Men

XIV Amendment  “No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

Separate But Equal “Jim Crow” Laws: Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Discriminatory laws designed to segregate blacks and whites to keep blacks in a socially inferior situation. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Separate But Equal Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Concluded that ”Separate But Equal” is constitutional because it meets equality requirement. The court decision sanctioned segregation of blacks and whites.

The Civil Rights Movement Northern Migration  NAACP (1909) W.E.B. DuBois (founder) WWII and the Cold War

The Civil Rights Movement Brown v. Board of Education (1954) “…in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate education facilities are inherently unequal.” De jure vs. de facto equality

Famous Civil Rights Actions Rosa Parks (1955) Emmett Till (1955) Greensboro Lunch Counter (1960) Medgar Evers (1963) “I Have a Dream” (1963)  Freedom Summer (1964)  The Civil Rights Act (1964)

Civil Rights Act 1964 Equal Voting Rights (Voting Rights Act 1965) Prohibits Segregation Bans Discrimination Establishes E.E.O.C.

Voting Rights Act 1965 Federal Oversight of Equal Voting Rights No voting standards, practices or procedures to deny citizens on account of race or color Courts apply “strict scrutiny” on civil rights discrimination cases placing the burden on the government to show that an action is constitutional

The Struggle for Gender Equality Early Women’s Movement (mid 1800s) American Woman Suffrage Association National Woman Suffrage Association Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony 19th Amendment (1920)

The Struggle for Gender Equality Early Women’s Movement (mid 1800s) American Woman Suffrage Association National Woman Suffrage Association Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony 19th Amendment (1920)

The Feminine Mystique

Modern Women’s Movement Equal Rights Amendment (1972) Congress started the process of amending the Constitution by passing the ERA in 1972, but it still needed to be ratified by 38 states to become part of the Constitution. If fell three states short and failed in 1982.

End to Exclusivity Title IX Franklin v. Gwinnett Co. Public Schools Citadel and Virginia Military Academy Augusta Country Club Lilly Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber (2007)

Gender Discrimination Intermediate scrutiny In gender discrimination cases places the burden on both the challenger and the government to demonstrate constitutionality

Other Groups American Indians Hispanic / Latino/ Latina Asian Americans Aged People with Disabilities Gays and lesbians

How far have we come? Affirmative Action Government policies to address past grievances that contribute to contemporary inequalities

How far have we come? U.C. Davis v. Bakke Compelling need No quotas No separate application process

How far have we come? In what ways are Americans equal or unequal? What groups have made claims for equal rights? What is the government’s proper role in guaranteeing equality?