Schedule Week 2: Martin Luther King Recess 1st paper due Week 3: Nano Science (Dr. Jaszczak; Ratner Ch. 3) Week 4: Nanoscale Engineering (Dr. Caneba; Ratner Ch. 4)

Coming Attractions Week 5: Visitor: Deb Newberry Newberry Technologies Co-author of “The Next Big Thing is Really Small” Monday 7 pm: Public Lecture and discussion DOW 641

Coming Attractions: Week 6: Monday: Societal Implications of Nanoscale science and Engineering (Dr. Seely. Rattner ch. 11). Wednesday Feb 18, 7:00 pm (tentative) Visitor: Dr. Jed Macosko (Univ. New Mexico) Biomolecular Machines Room: MM U115

Nano in the News! Local Dr. Frank Underdown Keweenaw Nanoscience Center Lake Linden, MI (visiting speaker in March…)

Transistor density on a chip doubles every ~18 months. Moore’s 1st Law Gordon Moore 1965 Intel co-founder Transistor density on a chip doubles every ~18 months.

Moore’s 1st Law Chip Feature Size (nm) Year 400 300 200 100 Entering the Nanoscale Chip Feature Size (nm) Trouble Predicted 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year

Moore’s 2nd Law Why? Fab Cost (billions) Year $50 $40 $30 $20 $10 $0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Note: Cost per bit is WAY down over time!

Technology: Components are getting smaller and smaller. Interconnections between components are getting smaller and smaller.

Nano-Scale Science What’s so special? Size matters. Properties of materials depend on their size. We don’t normally notice…

Nanoscale science and engineering here refer to the fundamental understanding and resulting technological advances arising from the exploitation of new physical, chemical and biological properties of systems that are intermediate in size, between isolated atoms and molecules and bulk materials, where the transitional properties between the two limits can be controlled. -M. Roco (NSF) 2001

NanoScience Issues Physical (e.g. surface effect) Chemical (bonding) Quantum Mechanical Information/design

Washington National Gallery Example: Gold Michigan Gold 0.5 mm Gold Crystal From Nevada http://www.minerslunchbox.com/eugene.htm The Space Window Washington National Gallery

WHY? Why does gold look like gold until the particles get to nanometer size, and then the properties change dramatically?

Physical Surface Area Effect? Number of surface atoms = Gold Number of surface atoms = number of bulk atoms L Estimate: 6·2·L2 = 4·L3 – 6·2·L2 L = 6 L L N = L3 = 216

Chemistry Example: Carbon Graphite Diamond

Chemical Bonding is Vital Soft material Lubricant Opaque Electrical conductor Thermal conductor Highly anisotropic Hardest material Abrasive Transparent Electrical insulator Excellent thermal conductor Optically isotropic

NanoCarbon C60 Buckyballs Nanotubes Nanocones

Nanotechnology Examples: Scanning Electron Microscopy image of an individual multiwalled carbon nanotube contacted by four electric leads for resistivity measurements. www.europhysicsnews.com/full/ 09/article3/article3.html

A prototype of a carbon nanotube based display (Samsung Display Technology, courtesy of Y. Choi).    www.europhysicsnews.com/full/ 09/article3/article3.html

Quantum Mechanics Matter (electron) has wave properties Waves are related to probability of where to find particle In bound systems, particles have discrete states (think of electron orbitals in atoms) Energy and other properties are quantized (think of energy levels in atoms)

Quantum Dot (Barrier Potential) Quantum dot pillars in semiconductor. L. P. Kouwenhoven “artificial atoms”

States, Energies, Transitions Allowed energy changes are quantized.

Double Barrier (Quantum Dots) Energy “Forbidden Region”

Bringing Barriers Together… Changes energy levels (and device properties) Changes electron states Allows for tunneling These changes can cause old technologies to fail. Or: You can capitalize on these properties for new devices.

Tunnelling Passage of a particle from one “localized” area to another through a “forbidden” region. Application: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Potential Problems: Electrons can “leak” to where they are not supposed to be.

Quantum Dot Tunneling? Electric Force Microscope images of Ge quantum dots on Si-on-insulator. Charge was deposited on upper right mesa and migrated to the lower left mesa in about an hour. (Univ. Wisconsin) (http://www.mrsec.wisc.edu/individ_nuggets/irg1/Electrical_Properties_of_Quantum_Dots.htm)

Nano in the Home… Nanotechnology: The application of nanostructures into useful nanoscale devices.

Nano at Home Examples: Special additive to clothing for non-stain and wrinkle-free Nano-composite coating for tennis balls Fluorescent lights (excitation of atoms) Additives for sunscreens and cosmetics Carbon nanotube additives to batteries Latest generation of Intel chips Any pattern or gross categories you see?