Purpose Analyze multiple sources to develop historical empathy (Crimean War). Discuss the causes, participants, and results of the Crimean War and its impact on European history in the 19th century. Analyze the processes of Italian and German unification by discussing key terms and applying the terms to key questions.

Essay Questions a) Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods used by Cavour and Bismarck to bring about the unification of Italy and of Germany, respectively. b)  Compare and contrast the foreign policy goals and achievements of Metternich (1815-­‐ 1848) and Bismarck (1862-­‐1890) c)  Discuss why liberals, radicals, and socialists came to the defense of Dreyfus and the impact the affair had on a divided France? d)  Assess the validity of this statement, “the reforms instituted in Russia from 1855-1881 solved Russia’s domestic problems”

Crimean War 1853-1856 What was the root cause of the Crimean War? What disputes caused the war? Who fought and why? What were some of the wartime firsts? What were the results of the war?

The Crimean War Recalled

W.H. Russell

Crimean War

Lord Tennyson

Crimean War

Italian Unification Who was Giuseppe Mazzini? Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi? What groups were founded by each? What were their goals? Who was Camillo Cavour? What were his beliefs? What was his plan for uniting Italy? Who was Italy’s first King?

Italian Unification

Mazzini “The Heart”

Garibaldi “The Sword”

Cavour “The Head”

German Unification Who was William I of Prussia? Who was Otto von Bismarck? What were his political beliefs? What was his famous speech? What was his strategy for unifying Germany?

German Unification Frederick William IV Otto von Bismarck

German Unification William I Otto von Bismarck

Frankfurt Parliament 1848-Representatives from all German states interested in reorganizing the German Confederation with liberal reform to achieve German unification. Grossdeutsch-plan included Austria Kleindeutsch-plan excluded Austria. Austrian government resented the meeting, Prussia will take the lead in unifying Germany. Reps-divided over representing the working class-socialism or liberal reform-free labor market. Conservatives use the disagreement to gain political advantage. When William IV was presented with the plan (KD) he refused-no man-made constitution will provide his power-God given. Liberal failure.

German Unification 1871

Mass Politics Kagan discussing Bismarck “…the person who, more than any other single individual, shaped the next thirty years of European history: Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)”. (Kagan) “…his years in Frankfurt arguing with his Austrian counterpart had hardened his Prussian patriotism.” (Kagan) “Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power…The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions…but by iron and blood”.(Bismarck) -Kagan, Ozment, Turner, p. 697

Bismarck’s Plan to Unify Germany 1860’s-Outmaneuver liberals in Prussian Parliament. Used German nationalism to enable German conservatives. Pursued a kliendeutsch policy. Four stages of War designed to accomplish his goal.

Wars Danish War 1864 The Austro-Prussian War 1866-aka the Seven Week’s War. North German Confederation Bundesrat Reichstag The Franco-Prussian War (1870-71)

The Ems Dispatch

German Unification 1871

French Republics/Empires First Republic- 1792 – 1804 First Empire- 1804 -1815 (Napoleon) Second Republic- 1848 – 1852 Third Republic- 1870 – 1940 Second Empire – 1852 – 1870 (Napoleon III) Fourth Republic- 1940 – 1958 Fifth Republic- 1958 – present

France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic 1860?

France: Liberal Empire to Third Republic Was Napoleon III successful? How did his reign, the Second Republic, end? What was the Paris Commune? What was their goal? What was their final result? What type of government was created during France’s Third Republic? What was the Dreyfus Affair? Who was Emile Zola?

Napoleon III (r. 1850-1870) Authoritarian Liberal Controlled: Legislature Press Political Opponents Supported by: Army Property Owners Church Peasants Business Free Trade w/ Britain Free Debate in Legislature Freer Press Permitted Labor Unions Liberal Constitution 1860

New National Assembly Dominated by monarchists Adolphe Thiers-executive power-negotiated peace with Prussia-Treaty of Frankfurt. Citizens regarded treaty as a betrayal by the monarchists.

Paris Commune Paris citizens disgusted with government, elected this new government of Paris in 1871. Administer Paris separately from the rest of France. Included radicals and socialists. Threatened the National Assembly Attacked by the National Assembly-seven days of fighting-20,000 inhabitants killed.

House of Bourbon v. House of Orléans The Third Republic Division in the National Assembly Monarchists split over support, House of Bourbon v. House of Orléans 1873 Monarchists get rid of Thiers, elect Marshal MacMahon with hope of restoring the monarchy later. 1875 NO KING? National Assembly adopted a system that, Allowed for a Chamber of Deputies Universal Male Suffrage (senate) President selected from the legislature 1879 MacMahon is out-Jules Grévy in. Republicans control government.

Three Crises of Third Republic Boulanger Affair-General Georges Boulanger-Wanted to form a military dictatorship—became very popular-but lost the next election. Panama Canal-corruption and bribery of government officials by the Panama Canal Company awarded the job of building the canal. The Dreyfus Affair-J’Accuse-Emile Zola

The Dreyfus Affair 1894, Zola 1898, Devil’s Island Conservative Government—Army—Church—Corrupt, Anti-Semitic—Theodor Herzl-1894-Zionist Movement gains support.

Mass Politics-The Habsburg Empire Austria 1860-1907 Purpose Identify the changes in Austria after 1848. What unique problems did Austria have? How were they solved? Why was nationalism a pressing problem? Franz Joseph

Mass Politics-The Habsburg Empire Austria 1860-1907 1848 – 1859 Conservative – Absolute response to Revolutions. Agrarian economy-land ownership and agriculture. Resisted the progress of industrialism, mass political change, and liberalism. Austrians dominate the multi-national empire. Powerful Roman Catholic presence-controlled education. Poor foreign diplomacy. 1860-1907 1860-Issued the October Diploma 1861-The February Patent 1866-Excluded from German Unification 1867-Augsleich-Compromise-Creation of the Dual Monarchy-Austria-Hungary. 1871-Trialism desired by the Czechs-resisted by Hungarians, Czechs appeased by political appointments.

Mass Politics-The Habsburg Empire Austria 1860-1907 1871-Franz Joseph-Accepts Trialism-Magyars resist-nationalism persists 1897-Franz Joseph-uses official language to appease Czech resistance-local languages rather than national language-opposed by the German representatives in the Reichsrat. Czechs oppose this resistance-obstruct parliamentary business 1897-Franz Joseph-ruled by imperial decree. 1907-Introduced Universal Male Suffrage-in Austria, not Hungary. Ineffective. Hungarian government more successful All nationalistic issues continue into the 20th century-underlying cause of WWI. Map Page 705.

Alexander II Russian Tsar 1855-1881 Did the following reforms solve Russia’s domestic and foreign problems? Explain. Emancipation of Russian Serfs Judicial Reform Military Reform Polish Reform Alexander II Alexander III

Russia: Emancipation and Revolutionary Stirrings Zemstvos-Local governments set up in the Russian Empire in 1864 (p. 707) Populism-A Russian revolutionary movement in the late 1870s who wanted to overthrow the Tsar’s government and reorganize government based on popular representation. Land and Freedom-Chief radical society among the populists. The People’s Will-Radical branch of the Land and Freedom dedicated to the overthrow of the Tsar’s government who issued a Revolutionary Manifesto in 1881.

British Politics How did the policies of the British Liberal and Conservative parties differ between 1860 and 1890? Why was home rule such a divisive issue in British politics? William Gladstone Benjamin Disraeli

Britain: Toward Democracy Conservative Reform? 1867 Benjamin Disraeli (conservative member of the House of Commons) Increase the Franchise admitting more male working class members. (?) 1874-Elected PM-wanted paternalism. Public Health Act 1875 The Artisan Dwelling Act of 1875 1868-Gladstone elected Prime Minster. Increased participation and acceptance In the Anglican Church. Meritocracy in the Army Officer’s Corp. Open appointments for College Profs. 1872-The Ballot Act 1870-The Education Act 1880-PM Again.

Home Rule for Ireland-YES, NO, YES, WAIT! 1869-Disestablished the Church of Ireland-Irish Catholics would not have to pay taxes to the Anglican Church. 1870-Land Act-Provided compensation to Irish tenant farmers-allowing access to arable land for evictees and for loans so some may purchase their own land. Charles Stewart Pernell (1846-1891) 1885-Organized political resistance in the House of Commons-Irish Members and acted as the leverage between Conservative and Liberal Parties. 1885-Gladstone-Accepted Home Rule-Liberals had the Irish vote. 1886-Liberal Unionists-join the conservative effort to defeat home rule. 1892-Gladstone-Back in power-passed a second Home Rule Bill-failed-HOL

Who’s Who? What country? Goals? Success or Failure? 3. 1. 2. 4. Cavour Alexander II William Gladstone Otto von Bismarck Benjamin Disraeli Franz Joseph Piedmont (Italy) Russia England Prussia (Germany) Austria 5. 6.