Class 29: History of 19th C Dr. Ann T. Orlando 5 April 2017.

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Class 29: History of 19th C Dr. Ann T. Orlando 5 April 2017

Introduction Napoleon Political History of 19th C

Napoleon (1769-1821) Born in Corsica, attends Ecole Militaire in France Napoleon rises rapidly in French military; brilliant strategist Battle of Rivoli against Austrians (1797) Battle of Pyramids against Muslim army (1798) In a coup d’etat Napoleon seizes control of France; Napoleon declares himself First Consular (1799) Battle of Marengo against Austrians (1800) Napoleon has himself declared Emperor, crowns himself (1804) Napoleon invades Russia 1812 Because of military defeats, Napoleon toppled form power, sent into exile; Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) assumes throne Napoleon returns to France, raises another army, defeated at Waterloo, Belgium by British 1815 Napoleon sent into exile at St. Helena’s; dies there in 1821

www.dean.usma.edu/HISTORY/web03/atlases/napoleon/napoleon%20pages/napoleon%20map%2070.htm

Napoleon: Relations with Church Social: Napoleonic Code Supports divorce Catholics opposed to Revolution who had hoped Napoleon would restore ‘Catholic France’, now think only hope for Catholic France is restoration on Monarchy Concordat of 1801 Ended schism between clergy who signed Civil Constitution and those who did not Napoleon named bishops, but Pope ordained them Clergy paid by state Reinstated Gallican articles of 1682 In effect, made Catholicism in France a state Church Napoleon invaded Papal States in 1808 Pius VII excommunicated Napoleon; Napoleon takes him captive Congress of Vienna, 1815, returns control of Papal States to Pope

Effect of Pius VII Stance Against Napoleon Re-established moral authority of Church, even for non-Catholics Many people convert to Catholicism Re-established Jesuits in 1814 Renewed activity in Jesuit Education (e.g., Georgetown, BC, HC, Fordham) Renewed appreciation for Catholic intellectual life

Congress of Vienna (1815) After Battle of Waterloo, victors (England, Austria, Russia, Prussia) gather to try to restore Europe as it was before Napoleon Prince Klemens von Metternich The architect of the Congress of Vienna, His main goal was to support conservative governments in Europe and to establish a Balance of Power; this was to prevent another power dominating Europe as had France.  The wartime allies against Napoleon: Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia signed the Quadruple Alliance, pledging them to uphold the peace settlement by entering into any war on behalf of he other. Reestablished Papal States under control of Papacy

France After Napoleon Brief restoration of monarchy Revolution 1848 French Republics Two powerful competing groups of Catholics in France Ultramontanes want strong Papacy to help rebuild French unity and culture; return to throne and altar Liberals want some aspects of pre-revolutionary French philosophes incorporated into Catholicism; individual freedom, democracy

Holy Roman Empire Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of Germany After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815, Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous states Revolution of 1848 Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859 King as figure head

Italy 17th and 18th C various Italian States split between Austria (north) and Spain (south), except for Papal States 19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political turmoil; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader 1861 Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes unification

Spain Brutally occupied by Napoleon After Napoleon’s defeat, Spain oscillated between Liberal republics (anti-Church) Restoration of absolute monarchies Conservative assemblies Spain also divided and in turmoil along geographic lines Catalonia Basques

England 17th – 19th C George I Hanover George III reigns 1760-1820 American Revolution Queen Victoria 1837-1901 During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important relative to monarchy By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of Government England becomes dominant world power “The sun never sets on the British crown”

British Empire at End of 19th C