IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Fast Power Charging Strategy for EV/PHEV in Parking Campus with Deployment of Renewable Energy Qi Wang*, Islam Safak Bayram**, Fabrizio Granelli* and Michael Devetsikiotis*** * University of Trento, Italy ** Texas A&M University-Qatar, Qatar *** North Carolina State University, U.S.A.

Outline Why EV/PHEV Why fast power charging station IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Outline Why EV/PHEV Why fast power charging station Parking campus with updated fast power charging station Control model for power charging queueing System performance evaluation Conclusion and future work 1

Why electric vehicles/ plug-in hybrid electric vehicle? IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Why electric vehicles/ plug-in hybrid electric vehicle? Greenhouse gas emission: EU: -21% (2020 than 2005) -43% (2030) -80~-95% (2050) US: -17% (2020) -25% (2025) China: reach peak (2030) start reducing Resource: European Commission report 2 Resource: http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/11/12/world/asia/climate-goals-pledged-by-us-and-china-2.html

Why fast power charging station? 1/2 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Why fast power charging station? 1/2 85kWh: 426km ~ 500km Electrical Range: Tesla Model S 60kWh: 335km ~ 375km ~ 300km Electrical Range: BYD e6 Electrical Range: 24km ~ 37km BMW i8 3 Resource: Wikipedia

Why fast power charging station? 2/2 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Why fast power charging station? 2/2 When the battery storage of EV is less than 50%, your feeling is… How long would you like to drive per day? From Beijing Tian’anmen Squire to Beijing Capital Airport at 22:00PM ~100km around Trento, Italy 4 Resource: google maps

Parking campus with updated fast power charging station 1/3 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Parking campus with updated fast power charging station 1/3 Local generated renewable energy can be selected as an effective assistant for power supply, besides power grid. Wind Power Capacity: EU: 105,000 MW,11.4% demand (2012) 230 GW, 14~17% demand (2020) US: 61.108 MW (2013); 20% wind energy (2030) China: 91.424 MW (2013); 30 GW (2020) Resource: Wikipedia 5 http://www.21stcentech.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/renewable-energy-sources.jpg

Parking campus with updated fast power charging station 2/3 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Parking campus with updated fast power charging station 2/3 Location: universities; factories; corporations; industrial park… Composition: parking campus; fast power charging stations; renewable energy dynamo Power Supply: power grid; renewable energy 6

Parking campus with updated fast power charging station 3/3 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Parking campus with updated fast power charging station 3/3 Charging station attracts a constant power from the grid and the local renewable energy resources. A local renewable energy system is employed. When the fast power charging station is inactive, all available energy from local renewable energy dynamo can be employed to fill the storage item in real-time. Depending on the produce efficiency of local renewable energy dynamo, the charging capacity of fast power charging stations in parking campus can be elevated via sustainable local energy supplying. 7

Control model for power charging queueing 1/3 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Control model for power charging queueing 1/3 Local renewable energy system is employed in parking campus—long term sustainable supply. The additional power supply will be decided by the service level of the local renewable energy system. Once generation level can be maintained on high state, with delightful QoS, more parking EV/PHEV can be charged via additional power supply based on local renewable energy system. The global service level of fast charging station can be upgraded or fall down to the basic service. Queueing model Service Jumped Upgraded Service Level Normal Service Level The service level of fast power charging station in parking campus can be modified to higher level to serve large-scale charging demand consumers, and also be pulled back to lower level cause longer blocking queueing. 8

Control model for power charging queueing 2/3 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Control model for power charging queueing 2/3 EV arrive to fast charging station located in parking campus in the light of a Poisson process of rate λ The number of EV/PHEV can be accommodated by the power grid in this parking campus is N. The capacity of local storage device is K. The exponentially distributed rate of the service times of the EV/PHEV is μ. The service rate for describing the charging time of the local energy storage device is ν. The capacity of the “service jumped” is Q. The “jumped” level is defined as β. We assume (i, j, β) denote a generic state, with 0=< i=< N+j and 0=< j=< K. For instance, the (0,0,0) status corresponds to a condition where there are no EV/PHEV being serviced, the local energy storage item is empty, and no additional power supply from local renewable energy dynamo. The total number of status in the Markov chain is: Θ= 1 𝑄 𝛽∙ 𝑁+1 ∙ 𝐾+1 + 1 𝐾 𝑖 9

Control model for power charging queueing 3/3 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Control model for power charging queueing 3/3 “Service Jumped” upgrade Fall down 4 3 2 1 10

System performance evaluation 1/3 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece System performance evaluation 1/3 Evaluating with deployment of local renewable energy resources Let Cg and Cr be the revenue obtained per EV/PHEV when charged from the grid and the local energy storage device. is represents the service status, and s is the number of EV/PHEV under this status. Let CP denotes the parking cost per EV/PHEV. The local renewable energy dynamo and storage device have a fixed installation cost C0 Select δs to denote the stationary probability for generic status. Then the profit equation per each EV/PHEV in the parking campus can be composed as follow: 11

System performance evaluation 2/3 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece System performance evaluation 2/3 Parking campus with fast power charging station profit model The value of power demand per EV/PHEV in parking campus is PDn Power charging duration in parking campus is t Power resource price p includes two kinds of prices, pr is the price of renewable energy; pg is the price from power grid. So the consumer’s payment can be calculated by using the following equation: 12

System performance evaluation 3/3 IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece System performance evaluation 3/3 β=1,2 Global level power supply under different mechanism in parking campus We settled the capacity of the local renewable energy dynamo is limited in this scheme 13

Conclusion and future work IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Conclusion and future work We proposed an EV/PHEV parking campus with upgraded fast power charging stations supplied by local renewable energy resources. The addition of local renewable energy system is the focus in our paper. A quantitative stochastic model for analyzing the introduced mechanism is explored by using queueing theory. More complex, flexible and consumer behavior based control system for proposed parking campus will be explored as future work. 14

IEEE CAMAD 2014 1-3 Dec, Athens, Greece Thank you! Ευχαριστω!