TWO KINDS OF WRONGS COMMITTED CRIMINAL LAW TWO KINDS OF WRONGS COMMITTED

CIVIL WRONG Wrongs committed against an individual also called torts

WRONGS COMMITTED AGAINST A SOCIETY CRIMINAL WRONGS WRONGS COMMITTED AGAINST A SOCIETY CRIMINAL CASES – People of New York v. Smith *** In a criminal case the burden of truth falls upon the prosecution (DA) and the accused is called the defendant.

CATEGORIES OF CRIMES FELONIES More than one year in Jail A (most serious) B C D E (Least Serious) MISDEMEANORS Less than 1 year in jail A B VIOLATIONS

What is a Crime Elements of a Crime: two things need to be present for an act to be a crime (a guilty mind & a guilty act) Intent or a criminal state of mind (mental culpability) MENS REA 2) A voluntary act of commission (malfeasance) or omission (nonfeasance) Actus Reus

4 States of mind that make up the idea criminal state of mind:

1) INTENTIONALLY: Desire to perform an act: doing something you know is wrong: no excuse or cause.

2) KNOWINGLY : Person acts in a conscious state of mind and is aware of the facts.

3) RECKLESSLY: Disregard a substantial and unjustifiable risk.

4) CRIMINAL NEGLIGENCE: When a person fails to percieve or see a substantial and unjustifiable risk.

CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES VIOLENT CRIME PROPERTY CRIME PUBLIC ORDER CRIMES WHITE- COLLAR CRIMES ORGANIZED CRIME HIGH TECH CRIME

Violent Crimes Crimes against persons that include violence or potentially violent acts. 4 Major categories: Murder Assault Sexual Assault Robbery

Property Crime The goal of the offender is some form of economic gain or the damaging of property Most common forms: Larceny/ Theft Burglary Motor Vehicle Theft Arson

Public Order Crimes Behavior that has been labeled criminal because it is contrary to shared social values, norms, and customs. These are sometimes referred to as victimless crimes because they often harm only the offender. Examples: Public drunkenness Prostitution Gambling Illicit Drug Use

White Collar Crimes Nonviolent crimes committed by corporations and individuals to gain personal or business advantage. Examples: Embezzlement Insurance Fraud Tax Evasion

Organized Crime A conspiratorial relationship between any number of persons engaged in the market for illegal goods and services. These crime rings are usually structured hierarchically.

High Tech Crime Crimes relating to the use of computers or advanced technology. 85% of businesses and large governmental agencies had internet security breaches in the last year.

Cyber crime against persons Obscene Material Cyber-stalking Cyber-Harassment

Cyber crimes against Property Hacking Viruses Piracy

Cyber crimes against the Gov’t: Cyber-Terrorism

NYS PENAL LAW

HOMICIDE Is causing the death of another person. But not all homicides are crimes. There are four kinds of non-criminal homicides Killing in Self Defense Killing caused by an accident Killing by a soldier in war. Killing by a police officer in the proper performance of his/her duties

There are five kinds of criminal homicides: Criminally Negligent Homicide M/S II – Manslaughter in the second degree M/S I – Manslaughter in the first degree Murder II – Murder in the second degree Murder I – Murder in the first degree

HOMICIDE & THE PENALCODE Criminally Negligent Homicide (E- Felony) a person is guilty of criminally negligent homicide when with criminal negligence, he causes the death of another

Manslaughter in the second degree (C Felony) A person is guilty of M/S II when he recklessly causes the death of another Manslaughter in the first degree (B Felony) a person is guilty of M/S I when: 1. With intent to cause s.p.i. to another person, he causes the death of such person, or 2. With intent to cause the death of another person he causes the death of such person or a third person under circumstances which do not constitute murder because he acts under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance (mitigating circumstance)

Murder in the second degree (A Felony) A person is guilty of Murder II when 1: With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person or third person, or 2. Under circumstances showing “depraved indifference” to human life, he reccklessly engages in conduct which creates a grave risk of death to another person and then causes the death of such person. Murder in the first degree A person is guilty of Murder I when 1: With intent to cause the death of another person, he causes the death of such person and either: a) the victim was a police officer who was killed in the course of performing his official duties, and the defendant knew or reasonably should have known that the victim was a police officer; or b) the victim was a corrections officer who was killed in the course of performing his official duties.

Popular Crimes and the Penal Code ARSON Arson in the Fourth Degree: (E Felony) when he recklessly damages a building or motor vehicle by intentionally starting a fire or causing an explosion Arson in the Third Degree: (C Felony) when he intentionally damages a building or motor vehicle by starting a fire or causing an explosion and had no reasonable grounds to believe that his conduct might endanger the life or safety of another. (no one is in the building).

Arson in the Second Degree: (B Felony) when he intentionally damages a building or motor vehicle by starting a fire, and when there exists a reasonable possibility that a person may be in building. Arson in the First Degree: (A-1 Felony) when he intentionally damages a building or motor vehicle by starting a fire or causing an explosion and when, a) such explosion or fire is caused by an incendiary device propelled, thrown or placed in a building or motor vehicle; and when b) the defendant knows that a person(s) are present inside the building.

LARCENY Petit Larceny: a misdemeanor when stolen property less than $1,000. Grand Larceny in the Fourth Degree: E Felony when stolen property and when:1. the value exceeds $1,000or 2. property consists of public records; or 3. secret scientific material; or 4. credit cards; or 5. property obtained by extortion, i.e. instilling fear that a person will a) cause physical injury b) cause damage to property c) use or abuse his/her position as a public servant Grand Larceny in the third: D Felony Stealing property in excess of $3,000 Grand Larceny in the second degree C Felony Stealing property by extortion & property exceeds $50,000 Grand Larceny in the first degree B Felony Stealing property where the value exceeds $1,000,000

Robbery Robbery in the third degree: D Felony forcibly stealing property; a lone holdup attempt or mugging Robbery in the second degree: C Felony forcibly stealing property and when: 1. He aided by another person actually present; or 2. on the course of the commision of the crime or immediate flight, he displays what appears to be a firearm. Robbery in the first degree B Felony forcibly stealing property and when, in the commision of the crime or immediate flight, he: 1. Is armed with a deadly weapon.

Rape Rape in the third degree: E felony a male over 21 engages in sexual intercourse with a female under 17 years of age. (ignorance of female’s age is no defense). Rape in the second degree: D felony a male over 18 engages in sexual intercourse with a 14 Rape in the first degree: B felony infers the use of force or the fact of physical helplessness if the female is under 11 years old.

Kidnapping Kidnapping the second degree: B Felony is solely a state offense. Kidnapping is defined as the “abduction of another”. Abduction is “restraining a person with the intent of preventing his liberation” by either a) secreting or holding him in a place where he is not likely to be found or b) using or threatening to use deadly force. Kidnapping in the first degree: A felony includes the above plus one of the following: a) a ransom b) holding for 12 hours or more with intent bodily harm; and c) death occurs.

REVIEW QUESTIONS: In a criminal case the amount of proof necessary to get a conviction is called: Guilt beyond a reasonable doubt

2) A voluntary act of commission or omission is known as 3) Which of the following is considered a major category of crime 4) Which of the following is not a criminal state of mind 5) When a person acts in a conscious state of mind and is aware of the facts, which state of mind is apparent?

6) Desire to perform an act is known as 7) Disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk is referred to as 8) Failing to percieve or see a substantial or unjustifiable risk is known as 9) All of the following are considered Public Order Crimes except 10) Nonviolent crimes committed by corporations and individuals to gain personal or business advantage are considered 11) Civil wrongs are wrongs committed against 12) In a civil case the amount of proof necessary to win the case is called

13) A criminal wrong is a wrong committed against 14) In a criminal case the burden of proof is on the 15) What does presumed innocent mean 16) If an individual is found guilty of a crime and recieves 3 years in prison, he/she must have been convicted of a 17) In the case of Goldman v. Simpson, Goldman is the 18) In a Civil Court the plantiff may be seeking 19) Which is not considered a defense to a crime

20)Parking in a no parking zone is 22) Which of the following cannot be the Mens Rea of a crime 23) The sentence for an A Felony is 24) The sentence for an A Misdemeanor is

TRUE /FALSE 25) Robbery would be a considered a property crime 26) Class E felony is More serious than a Class A misdemeanor. 27) Intent or Criminal state of mind is the only element that need be present for an act to be a crime.

28) Robbery, Rape and burglary are examples of misdemeanors. 29) An Alibi is unique because it is based on the premise that the suspect/defendant is truly innocent 30) Manslaughter in the 1st Degree is more serious than Murder in the 2nd degree. 31) The People of the State of California v. Simpson is a Civil Case 32) A DEC (dept. of Environmental Conservation)officer issues a summons to a man for illegal fishing. This is an ex of of Law enforcement by Govt. Agencies

34),35),36) What are the three branches of Government. 37) Which branch makes the laws? 38) Which branch enforces the laws? 39) Which branch interprets the laws? 40)In the Case Schnupp/Augeri v. Smith who is the defendant? 33) Affirmative defenses in New York States are crimes that have been committed but without criminal responsibility. F