BOARD EXAMS IDENTIFY YOUR STRENGTHS MAKE YOUR STRENGTH STRONG EAT WELL AND SLEEP WELL REACH WELL BEFORE TIME USE READING TIME WISELY NEW ANSWER NEW PAGE

4/6 figure grid reference scale Direction and distance Areas Height Contour Interpretation TOPO SHEETS

Value increases towards east Value increases towards north Eastings Northings Vertical Lines Horizontal Lines North to South East to West Numbered 00 to 99 Placed 2 cm (1 km) apart Value increases towards east Value increases towards north

EASTINGS NORTHINGS

REMEMBER L

x y 6 figure reference of G is x = a / 2 y = b / 2 Truncate the decimals If a = 13 mm; b = 11 mm 6 figure grid reference is 256775 25 77 78 26 2 5 x 7 y 20 mm G a b 3.5 BECOMES 3

Use toposheet 45 D/7, Easting 76 to 87, Northing 73 to 85 Find the six figure grid reference of  Post Office in the NorthEast Temple north of Godh ∆169 Tomb near Vaghrol ∆317 Answers 844806 781833 780778 846764 793755

Scale Scale is a RATIO Can be expressed as Distance between two places on map (a) Distance between the same two places on ground (b) Can be expressed as Statement (2 cm = 1 km OR 2 cm to 1 km) Representative Fraction (1:50000) Linear Scale

Statement to R.F. Scale = 2cm / 1 km OR 2 cm / 1 X 1000 X 100 cm OR If a = 2 cm; b = 1 km Scale = 2cm / 1 km OR 2 cm / 1 X 1000 X 100 cm OR 1 cm / 50000 cm OR 1 : 50000

FINDING DIRECT DISTANCE Measure the distance between the centre of the two places in cm Convert distance in km (or metres) (Use the scale, i.e.; 2cm = 1 km) Round off to nearest 0.25 km (250 metres)

FINDING INDIRECT DISTANCE Place a string along the path between the centre of the two places Measure the length of the string in cm Convert distance in km (or metres) (Use the scale, i.e.; 2cm = 1 km) Round off to nearest 0.25 km (250 metres)

Direction E A G From ‘O’ to ____ OR Of __ from ‘O’ o D C F B

E A G o D C F B

Normal direction and Forward Bearing 0 ° 315 ° 45 ° 270 ° 90 ° 225 ° 135 ° 180 °

Finding Areas REMEMBER Every grid is 1 km X 1 km =1 sq km

Visual method 90 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 89 88 87 86 85 84

Correct solution Area enclosed by full grid squares (f) Area enclosed = f X 1 Area enclosed by half grid squares (h) Area enclosed = h X ½ Area enclosed by more than half grid squares (m) Area enclosed = m X 2/3 Area enclosed by less than half grid squares (l) Area enclosed = l X 1/3

TOTAL AREA Total area f X 1 + h X ½ m X 2/3 l X 1/3

Correct solution - Visual method 90 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 89 l m h 88 f 87 86 85 84

TOTAL AREA Total Area = 18.34 sq. km Finding the total area f X 1 = 10 X 1 = 10 sq. km + h X ½ = 4 X ½ = 2 sq. km + m X 2/3 = 7 X 2/3 = 4.67 sq. km + l X 1/3 = 5 X 1/3 = 1.67 sq. km = Total Area = 18.34 sq. km

To be answered using toposheet 45 D/10, Grid reference 10 to 18, Northing 16 to 28   Find the area of uncultivated land between eastings 14 and 18 and northings 24 and 28. Answers 11 Sq. Km

Height Triangulated Height Spot Height Relative Height

Triangulated Height Determined using principles of trigonometry Accurate Expressed on maps using a ∆ For example, ∆ 224

Prominent Surveyed Tree Triangulated height written on tree bark Tree is shown in black colour- For example

Bench Mark Triangulated height written on nearby rock or wall Shown using BM For example, BM 403

Spot Height Height estimated using the value of adjacent contours Shown with a dot For example, .544 560 540 .544

Relative Height Height (depth) of a feature relative to surroundings Shown using r For example, 20r

Example of relative heights Symbol Meaning Relative height of river bank is 7 metres Relative height of Sand Dune is 11 metres Relative height of Tank Embankment is 14 metres 22r Relative Depth of PL Well is 22 metres 7r 11r 14r

CONTOURS

INDEX CONTOURS

FORM LINES Drawn where it is not possible to draw contours and there is a prominent relief feature which is lesser in height than the contour interval

Spacing between contours Widely spaced contours Gentle slope Closely packed contours Steep slope Overlapping contours Vertical slope

Uniform Gentle Slope 320 280 300 260 240 220

Uniform Steep Slope 260 320 300 180 200 220 240 140 160 280

Concave Slope 240 220 320 260 300 280

Convex Slope

VISUALISATION

CONICAL HILL 320 300 280 260

ASYMMETRICAL HILL 320 300 280 260

CIRCULAR PLATEAU 320 300 280 260

RIDGE 320 300 280 260

SADDLE 320 300 280 260

V SHAPED VALLEY 320 340 300 280 260 240 220 200 180

WATERFALL 320 340 300 280 260 240 220 200

An Escarpment

Type of Drainage Patterns Radial Trellised Dendritic Disappearing Combinations of one or more of the above

Radial Drainage pattern Hill in the centre Streams flow outward in different directions

Trellised Drainage Pattern Streams parallel to each other

Dentritic Drainage Pattern Random arrangement of streams

Disappearing stream Stream may disappear in its course due to Evaporation Flowing through sandy area EVIDENCE OF SEASONAL RAIN

SETTLEMENT PATTERN

Nucleated and Linear

Nucleated and Radial

Dispersed Settlement Pattern

Modes of Transport Metre Gauge Railway Metalled Road Unmetalled Road

Modes of Transport Cart Track Pack Track Foot Path

What is irrigation? Artificial means of availing water River is not a mode of irrigation Required if area receives seasonal rainfall

Modes of irrigation (Dry) tank with embankment Dam Canal IN D/10 1822 D/7 8079 (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)

Modes of irrigation Perennial lined well Perennial Unlined well Tubewell Perennial lined well with brackish water Brackish

INTERPRETATION OF TOPOGRAPHICAL MAPS

INTERPRETATIONS DRAWN Occupation Climate and Vegetation General Slope Relief

Occupations in 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 Agriculture Cattle Rearing Construction Public Services Trade Tourism Education Lumbering

AGRICULTURE True for all parts of 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 except Abu Evidences Yellow Colour (indicating cultivated land)

CATTLE REARING True for all parts of 45 D/7 and 45 D/10 except Abu Supplementary with Agriculture Provides monthly income Evidences Yellow Colour (indicating cultivated land) Tanks with embankments Cart Tracks

CONSTRUCTION Evidences Lime Kiln Brick Kiln Stone Quarry Metalled Road under construction Canal under construction

PUBLIC SERVICES True of larger villages and the town of Abu Evidences Post Office Police Station Dak Bungalow Inspection Bungalow Dispensary, etc.

TRADE True for larger settlements Evidences Nucleated and radial settlement pattern

TOURISM True for the town of Abu Evidences Hill Station Nakki Talao Delwara Temple Sun Set Point Anadra Point Palanpur Palace Jai Vilas Palace

EDUCATION True for the town of Abu Evidences St. Mary’s High School Sophia High School

LUMBERING True for small dispersed settlements Evidences Settlement near of within forest

CLIMATE AND VEGETATION

CLIMATE IN 45 D/7 AND 45 D/10 Tropical Monsoon type of climate SEASON MONTHS CHARACTERISTICS SUMMER March to May Hot and Dry (45 °C) RAINY SEASON June to September Scanty Rainfall (50 cm) WINTER December to February Cool and Dry (0 °C)

Evidences of Seasonal Rainfall Dry (seasonal) streams Dry Tanks Broken Ground Open scrub Wells

POSSIBLE VEGETATION Tropical Deciduous Trees Desert Vegetation Neem Banyan Peepal Desert Vegetation Acacia (Babool) Cactus Date Palms

MEANING OF GENERAL SLOPE Direction towards which the terrain is inclined Can be determined by finding the direction in which the river system flows

FINDING DIRECTION OF RIVER FLOW Arrow in the river bed Direction in which water will flow Angle at which tributaries meet Tributaries follow the main river Tributaries meet at an acute angle Direction in which river widens

D/7 GENERAL SLOPE D/10 South West West Sipu- South West Hills in South East D/10 South South South West West -Sipu-NE to West - Sukli- South to North West North West Hills in North East

TYPES OF RELIEF High relief Low Relief Hilly terrain Range of heights Flat plain Lower heights in a small range

NATURE OF HILLS / MOUNTAINS Location Area occupied Average height Highest and lowest point Alignment / Trend of hill ranges

NATURE OF RIVERS Direction of flow Presence of sediment Width Presence of water Flowing through broken ground Tributary or main river

CONVENTIONAL SYMBOLS

Water bodies Perennial Stream Dry river with sediment Dry river with sediment and perennial channel

Water bodies Spring Dry / seasonal stream Perennial Lake Dry / Seasonal Tank

(Dry) tank with embankment, Natural/Man-made Modes of irrigation (Dry) tank with embankment, Natural/Man-made Dam Canal

Modes of irrigation Perennial lined well Perennial Unlined well Tubewell Perennial lined well with brackish water Brackish

Places of Worship Temple Tomb / Chhatri

Miscellaneous Man Made Features Telephone Line Self explanatory Causeway Small bridge built to maintain level of road Fire Line Clearing made to prevent forest fires from spreading Piao Place where drinking water is available

METALLED ROAD NON PERINEAL RIVER/STREAM

EVIDENCE OF CONSTRUCTION Miscellaneous Man Made Features Lime Kiln Place where lime is manufactured EVIDENCE OF CONSTRUCTION Brick Kiln Place where bricks are made Stone Quarry Stone mine .Stone quarry

BROKEN GROUNDS ALONG WITH SEASONAL RIVER/STREAM

Miscellaneous Relief Features Rock Outcrop Rock protruding out on the land surface Sheet Rock Outcrop of sedimentary rock Stoney Waste / Gravel Waste Weathered rock

Miscellaneous Relief Features Road Cutting Made to pass the road