MRI and CFD studies of pulsatile flow in healthy and stenosed carotid bifurcation models  Ian Marshall, Shunzhi Zhao, Panorea Papathanasopoulou, Peter Hoskins, X Yun Xu  Journal of Biomechanics  Volume 37, Issue 5, Pages 679-687 (May 2004) DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032

Fig. 1 Flow waveform, as measured by MRI in the CCA of the stenosed phantom. The arrows labelled t1 and t2 indicate the time frames studied in Figs. 3–6. Journal of Biomechanics 2004 37, 679-687DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032)

Fig. 2 Time-resolved MIP images for the stenosed (upper row) and normal (lower row) carotid bifurcation models. Left to right: during acceleration; at peak flow; during deceleration; at minimum flow; true geometry. An inverted grey scale is used for the MIPs, with fast flow showing as dark grey and slow flow showing as pale grey. Note the regions of slow flow adjacent to the inner wall of the ICA in the stenosed model (arrow) and adjacent to the outer wall of the ICA in the normal model (arrowhead). Journal of Biomechanics 2004 37, 679-687DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032)

Fig. 3 Velocity vectors measured by MRI in the plane of symmetry of the stenosed phantom (upper row) and the normal phantom (lower row), at peak flow (t1) (left); during deceleration (t2) (right). Note the regions of slow flow adjacent to the inner wall of the ICA in the stenosed model (arrow) and adjacent to the outer wall of the ICA in the normal model (arrowhead). The true wall geometry has been superimposed for clarity. Journal of Biomechanics 2004 37, 679-687DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032)

Fig. 4 Velocity vectors predicted by CFD. Stenosed phantom (left) and normal phantom (right), at t1 (upper row) and t2 (lower row). Journal of Biomechanics 2004 37, 679-687DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032)

Fig. 5 Regions of reversed flow predicted by CFD. Left to right; stenosed phantom at t1; normal phantom at t1; stenosed phantom at t2; normal phantom at t2. Journal of Biomechanics 2004 37, 679-687DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032)

Fig. 6 WSS vectors estimated from MR imaging of the stenosed phantom, shown superimposed on the segmented wall: (a) at time t1; and (b) at time t2. WSS values above 3N/m2 are coloured red. Journal of Biomechanics 2004 37, 679-687DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032)

Fig. 7 WSS vectors predicted by CFD. Details as for Fig. 6. Journal of Biomechanics 2004 37, 679-687DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032)

Fig. 8 CFD predictions of the time-averaged WSS magnitude along the (a) outer and (b) inner wall of the ICA of the normal and stenosed phantoms. The apex of the bifurcation is at an axial distance of 0.0. Journal of Biomechanics 2004 37, 679-687DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032)

Fig. 9 CFD predictions of OSI for the normal (left) and stenosed (right) phantoms. Journal of Biomechanics 2004 37, 679-687DOI: (10.1016/j.jbiomech.2003.09.032)