REVALUE PROTEIN PROJECT: UN PLANTEAMIENTO MULTIDISCIPLINAR PARA LA RECUPERACIÓN Y REVALORIZACIÓN DE PROTEÍNAS DE SUBPRODUCTOS BOVINOS Y PORCINOS Carlos Álvarez, Sarah Lynch, Liana Drummond & Anne Maria Mullen Shannon ABC

Index Background of the project Main project pillars and overview of project tasks Approaches employed for by-product revalorisation

Index Background of the project Main project pillars and overview of project tasks Approaches employed for by-product revalorisation

Background of the project: the issue (Mullen, Álvarez et al. 2015) Up to 263 or 35 kg/head of non-meat material is generated per bovine or porcine animal Many of this products currently have lower or negative value outlet High environmental impact ("Universal Recovery Strategy“) Commercialisation of outputs requires understanding consumer concerns and preferences relating to products and processes

Background of the project: revalorisation Direct preparation Uses Revalorizing techniques High added-value products Liver Frozen, fresh or refrigerated Braised, broiled, fried, patty and sausage Enzymatic hydrolysis Antioxidant peptides Heart Whole or sliced Braised, cooked, luncheon meat, patty, loaf Isoelectric solubilization/precipitation   Phosphate buffer washing High value protein with low ash, fat and cholesterol Myofibrillar concentrate as texturizing Skin Fresh, refrigerated Gelatin Collagen recovery Enzymatic hydrolysis and chromatographic purification Collagen hydrolysis Barrier membrane, drug delivery, fibroblast scaffolds, bioengineered tissues Antioxidant peptides and liver protectors Antioxidant activity, antimicrobial properties antihypertensive, biomimetic tissue Blood Fresh or refrigerated Black pudding, sausages, blood and barley loaf Enzymatic hydrolysis   Chemical hydrolysis  Ethanol precipitation  High pressure treatment Subcritical water hydrolysis Antioxidant, antibacterial, antihypertensive or iron-binding peptides  Pre-digested peptides for animal and pet food Purified protein as food ingredient Peptides and biopreserved blood Amino acid and peptides production Bone Gelatin, soup, jellied products Subcritical water Alkaline extraction Hydroxyapatite and collagen New kind of sausages Lung Blood preparations, pet food ISP* and membrane filtration Protein concentrates with good functional properties Feathers and hair Incineration, rendering Feather or hair meal Keratinolytic bacteria fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis Keratinolytic protease production, culture medium, soil assessment, separation membranes (Mullen, Álvarez et al. 2015)

Background of the project: research approach Objectives based on hypothesis that the meat processing streams are sources of functionally important proteins possessing many properties which command an economic value. Sampling protocols Processing of source material Evaluation of functional properties Novel non-thermal processes Scale up Consumer attitudes & commercialisation strategy

Index Background of the project Main project pillars and overview of project tasks Approaches employed for by-product revalorisation

Index Background of the project Main project pillars and overview of project tasks Approaches employed for by-product revalorisation RSM applied to protein extraction and purification US and PEF for optimized extractions Collagen fibres to generate scaffolds Novel gel desalting method In silico methods for peptide activity prediction Evaluating ability of offal and exudates as source material of health promoting compounds

Response surface methodology: ISP, protein extraction from lung, heart and tongue (Lynch et al., 2015) Solubilization Separation Precipitation Drying -pH -Temperature -Time -Solvent/sample ratio -pH -Time

US and PEF for enhanced pancreatin extraction. (Dr US and PEF for enhanced pancreatin extraction. (Dr. Michael O’Sullivan, UCD.) Ultrasounds Pulse electric fields

Collagen scaffold: Extruded collagen fibres. (Dr. Dimitrios Zeugolis Collagen scaffold: Extruded collagen fibres. (Dr. Dimitrios Zeugolis. NUI Galway)

Collagen scaffold: Extruded collagen fibres. (Dr. Dimitrios Zeugolis Collagen scaffold: Extruded collagen fibres. (Dr. Dimitrios Zeugolis. NUI Galway) Tenocytes growing assay

Gel is stable submerged in water Recovery of gellifying proteins from fat rendering residue. (Alvarez et al., 2016)   Batch1 Batch 2 Batch 3 Parameter moisture 97.07±0.09 97.48±0.011 97.65±0.01 total solids 2.53±0.09 2.52±0.11 2.35±0.01 protein 1.34±0.15 1.14±0.08 0.98±0.02 ashes 1.18±0.02 1.22±0.01 0.84±0.01 fat <0.1% pH 6.85±0.04 7.20±0.02 7.14±0.02 Freeze dried waste stream: 45% ashes 37% protein Solution 10% w/V: 4.5% ashes 3.7% protein At room temp. produces a hydrogel Gel is stable submerged in water

Gel is stable submerged in water Recovery of gellifying proteins from fat rendering residue. (Alvarez et al., 2016)   Batch1 Batch 2 Batch 3 Parameter moisture 97.07±0.09 97.48±0.011 97.65±0.01 total solids 2.53±0.09 2.52±0.11 2.35±0.01 protein 1.34±0.15 1.14±0.08 0.98±0.02 ashes 1.18±0.02 1.22±0.01 0.84±0.01 fat <0.1% pH 6.85±0.04 7.20±0.02 7.14±0.02 Five days Freeze dried waste stream: 45% ashes 37% protein Solution 10% w/V: 4.5% ashes 3.7% protein At room temp. produces a hydrogel Gel is stable submerged in water

In silico methods for prediction of potentially bioactive peptides from pork and beef (Lafarga et al., 2015) -Used a scheme of computer aided predictions to identify protein sequences with similarities (BLAST, Expasy tools). -Enzymes were selected based on literature and in silico cleavage analysis. -Data base search of known/unknown peptides carried out. -Novel peptides identified and synthesised. -Toxicity and other attributes predicted.

Evaluating ability of offal and exudates as source material of health promoting compounds. Dra. Eileen O’Neill Bioactive molecules naturally present in skeletal muscle with potential for use in health promoting functional foods and supplements Offal and exudates? L-carnitine Carnosine Creatine Creatinine Taurine

Main remarks: Meat by-products and stream wastes are a valuable source of high quality proteins and biomolecules. By means of novel technologies and processes it can be obtained high value-added products from low, neutral or negative added-value sources. Improved resource harnessing and reduction in waste volume while generating economic profit.

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