Categorize organisms below: Dog Cat Cat fish Lion Wolf Apple tree Dandelions Lizard Shark Mouse Deer

Taxonomy

Taxonomy Classification and naming of living things

1700’s: Carolus Linnaeus Grouped organisms in hierarchical categories based on structural similarities. Devised a 2-part system to give organisms a scientific name.

Binomial Nomenclature 2 – part naming system. 1st part: Genus (generic) 2nd part: species (specific) Written in italics and genus is capitalized. Example: humans- Homo sapien

Modern Linnaean System Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species “King Phillip Came Over For Good Soup”

Humans Eukarya Animalia Chordata Mammalia Primata Homindae Homo Sapien

Dandelions Eukarya Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Asterales Asteraceae Taraxacum Officinale Taraxacum officinale

3 Domains Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

6 Kingdoms Archeabacteria Eubacteria Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Archeabacteria Prokaryotic cells Heterotrophic and autotrophic by chemosynthesis

Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Heterotrophic and autotrophic by photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

Protista Eukaryotic Mostly unicellular, few multicellular Not fungus, plant, or animal Examples: ameoba, paramecium

Fungi Eukaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular Heterotrophs that absorb rather than ingest Examples: mushrooms, mildews, mold

Plantae Eukaryotic Multicellular Photosynthetic Develop from embryos Example: mosses, ferns, flowering plants

Animalia Eukaryotic Multicellular Heterotrophs Develop from embryos Examples: birds, mammals, reptiles

Dichotomous Key Used to classify and identify organisms based on observable characteristics, such as structure and behavior. Lists specific characteristics in opposing pairs.

Phylogenic Tree represents the hypotheses of the evolutionary relationships between groups of organisms.

Cladogram a phylogenic tree that compares shared and derived characteristics. Shared characteristic: feature that all members of a group have. Derived characteristic: feature that evolved only with the specific group.

A. What characteristics does a cladogram compare? Homologous structures Embryological features Molecular similarities

B. What do cladograms assume? That organisms that share derived characteristics, inherited them from a common ancestor.

C. What do cladograms show? Which organisms shared a more recent common ancestor, NOT “who evolved from whom”

D. Do cladograms show definitive, proven evolutionary relationships? No, it shows a hypothesis and can be modified as discoveries are made.

How to read a cladogram: Outgroup: first group; does not share any features with the rest of the groups. Nodes: represent a common ancestor. Branches: trace new derived characteristics.