: reproductive shoot of sporophyte (2n) Flowers : reproductive shoot of sporophyte (2n)

I. What are flowers A. flowers are reproductive shoots B. They are 2n (part of sporophyte) C. They produce seeds and pollen D. Some produce fruit

II. Flower Structure List A. Calex = all sepals B.Corolla = all petals C. Stamen = male D. Carpel = female

II. The Corolla A) Why make petals? only to attract pollinators B) Why do flowers look so different? 1) different color, shape size, etc. attract different pollinators 2) Only attract specific pollinators you can be more sure your pollen gets to a member of your species and not to a different flower

b) U-V landing strips for bees c) white for nocturnal pollinators C) ways to attract only the right pollinator 1) Visual cues : a) different colors b) U-V landing strips for bees c) white for nocturnal pollinators 2) long nectar tubes a) exclude some pollinators 3) olfactory cues a) sweet smell/rotting smell b) pheromones 4) shapes a) orchids look like specific insects

Orchid flower adapations https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnNvkG EdofQ

III.Pollination A) Arrival of pollen on stigma B) Pollen grain then germinates and grows into Pollen tube C) sperm nuclei travel down tube (generative nuclei)

The Ovule

IV. Double Fertilization A) One sperm nucleus fertilizes egg -> zygote B) The other joins w/ polar nuclei (n+n) to form the (3n) endosperm C) Endosperm is the nutritive tissue that supports the zygote

V. Seed formation A. Integument becomes seed coat B.Fertilized egg becomes embryo C. Endosperm provides food for growing embryo

VI. Fruits A. Function = seed dispersal B. Ovary wall grows into the fruit C. May develop 1. wings 2. spines 3. fleshy tissue 4. flotation

D. Types of fruit

1.Simple fruits a. fruit forms from one pistil b. can be dry like a nut or peapod or a kernel of wheat c. can be succulent (fleshy) like a cherry, apple d. drupe = simple fruit with a pit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bwCpQflmQG4

2. Aggregate fruit a. fruit formed when many ovaries merge b. result of complex flowers with many pistils c. raspberries, strawberries http://study.com/academy/lesson/aggregate-fruit-definition-examples.html

3. Composite fruit a. also called multiple fruit b. forms from multiple flowers each with 1 ovary c. each ovary forms a fruit that all fuse into one large fruit https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpJHgXaPz FA

Types of Angiosperms Monocots – one cotyledon (seed leaf) Dicots – two cotyledons

Eudicote Dicots are paraphyletic so a few groups branched off before true dicots Water lilies, magnolias

Alternative sex Parthenogenesis – reproduction from unfertilized egg Tissue culture propagation Vegetative growth – asexual reproduction