Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization

4 Tissues of the Human Body 1.) Epithelial 2.) Connective 3.) Muscle 4.) Neural

What is a tissue? Tissues are collections of cells and cell products that perform specific, but limited functions. Histology- the study of tissues and their functions.

Epithelial Tissue Covers exposed surfaces Lines internal passageways Forms glands

Functions of Epithelial Tissue Provide physical protection Control permeability (absorption) Provide sensation Produce specialized secretions

Characteristics of Epithelia Cellularity (cell junctions) Polarity (apical and basal surfaces) Attachment (basal lamina) Avascularity (lack blood vessels) Regeneration (short life)

Look at how they are organized close together Epithelia Classes Look at how they are organized close together

Simple Squamous Epithelium Areas Found- 1.) Mesothelia lining of body cavities. 2.) Endothelia lining of heart and blood vessels. 3.) Portions kidney tubules. 4.) Inner lining of cornea and alveoli. Function- Reduces friction in the cavity, increases permeability, performs secretion and absorption. Thin, Flat and Irregular in Shape Alveoli Sacs in the lungs

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Found in- Ovaries, Testes, Kidney tubules, ducts in the pancreas, Liver, Salivary Glands. Used for- Secretions, Absorption and Filtration. Hexagonal boxes

Long, thin and rectangular in shape Found in- Lining of the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterine tubules and collecting ducts of the kidney. Function- Protection, secretion, and absorption.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium Found in:   outer layer of the skin.    oral cavity,   throat,   vagina,   anal canal Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Found in:   mammary glands    sweat glands    pancreas   ovarian follicles Stratified Columnar Epithelium Found in:    vas-deferens,   male urethra   parts of the pharynx Stratified Epithelium is generally located in areas that need protection from mechanical or chemical stresses like the lining of the mouth or skin

Glandular Epithelia Release secretions in the Endocrine or Exocrine Glands. Composed of glands for specific excretions. Example:Sweat, Intestines, mammary.

Exocytosis-Merocrine secretion Most common mode of secretion Apocrine secretion-partial loss of cell for secretion Holocrine secretion- cells is lost for secretion

Glandular Epithelium Types Endocrine/Ductless glands- release their secretions directly into interstitial fluid like the blood, stomach, intestines etc. Secretions- normally called hormones and initiate the start of something. Examples- pancreas, pituitary, hypothalamus, thalamus, thyroid, or adrenal.

Glandular Epithelium Types Exocrine/ Glands with a duct- These glands secrete contents to a duct that will then empty onto the surface of the skin or on the lining of a tract. Secretions- milk from mammary glands, sweat for the skin, tears for the eyes, or enzymes for the digestive tract. Examples- Salivary, Mammary, Sweat, Tear, Gall bladder, Pancreas.

Classification of Ducts Simple- Tubular or Alveolar (straight or is it round like a bulb) Simple branched or alveolar Compound- More than one attached to the same opening. Compound tubular or compound alveolar Tubuloalveolar- Gland that possesses both tubular and alveolar ducts.

Secretion Methods Merocrine- most common way for secretions in the body. Secretions are completed through exocytosis of a vesicle. Apocrine- Portion of the cell is pinched off and lost through secretion (breast milk) Holocrine- Mature cell grows with secretion amounts and burst during the secreting. Cell dies and is replaced.

Epithelial Tissue Identification Lab Receive a slide from Mr. Quinn Place the slide on your microscope Use the best magnification for best view Compare view to drawings done on epithelial tissue Identify Epithelial tissue type Explain features in view that support your answer. Label those features in your drawings. Also take a picture with your phone.