Listening State of mind: relaxed attention (cannot ‘multi-task’) Listen for a purpose Purpose is generally linked to emotion Research says we can’t listen effectively if our emotions aren’t involved. What we hear can be stored as: Meaning Raw sound memory Imagery (~visual)

General vs Specific Information When we listen for general meaning, we don’t want our conscious mind ‘thinking’ too much (similarly to playing sports or playing music). This is an ‘older’ task in evolutionary terms that predates the conscious mind. Listening for specific information is a ‘newer’ task that does require conscious involvement. We’ll deal with some strategies later.

Visual Information Our cave home Where the tiger lives The path to the river The apple trees Sound Information Help – I’m in pain! There’s some food here! Watch out for that eagle! I’m in the mood for love!

Milarepa Sigmund Freud

The Fox and the Crow What did the Fox want? What did the Crow want? A) to make a new friend B) to hear beautiful singing C) One of the crow’s beautiful feathers D) food What did the Crow want? A) To eat her meat in peace B) To be well thought of by others C) To improve her singing D) To learn from the wise Fox What can we learn from this story? A) How to make new friends B) To pay attention to others’ advice C) Not always to trust those who say good things about us D) Practice makes perfect What was the last thing the Fox said? What did the Fox mean, and the Crow understand, by that?

The Scorpion(蝎) and the Frog What can we learn from this story? Don’t expect people to change Never do favors for people If you help others, they will help you Liars never succeed Why did the Scorpion say what he said to the Frog? What does that tell us about human nature?

The Miller, his Son, and their Donkey(驴) What does the Miller want? A) To sell his donkey for as much as possible B) For his son to take better care of the donkey C) To ride the donkey himself D) To be well thought of by other people The old men get involved in the situation because: A) they want to be respected by the young B) they think he is being cruel to the donkey C) they think he is being cruel to his son D) they think one of them should ride the donkey What can we learn from this story that might be helpful in our own lives?

Remembering Specific Information When you have to remember details that are not associated with what you already know and have no emotional aspect, you may use the following strategies: A) Remembering sound B) Creating imagery To remember sound, repeat (e.g. 3 times) To create imagery, create a silly picture somewhat similar. Doesn’t have to be accurate or sensible.

Football League Winners You will be given 4 choices for each of the following questions. Remember enough information to choose the correct answer from among the four. Which team won the English football league this year? Give the name and nationality of the team’s manager. Which English king’s body was recently found in a car park?

The English Football League winners are: A) Manchester United B) Manchester City C) Leicester City D) Sheffield United Their manager is: A) The German Hans Genscher B) The Spanish Franco Cervantes C) The Irish Sean Hannity D) The Italian Claudio Ranieri The King whose body was found in a car park was: A) Richard the Second B) Charles the Second C) Richard the Third D) Henry the Fourth

Climbing What does each speaker need to do as a result of this conversation? What do you think each speaker wanted? Which is the safest, and the least safe, position on a climbing team? List all the climbing equipment mentioned Where are they going climbing? A) The Lake District B) Smith Rock C) Mount Index D) Snowdonia