IAEA International Conference on Fifty Years of Nuclear Power – The next Fifty Years Moscow - Obninsk, Russian Federation - June 28, 2004 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and sustainable development : strategies for the future Dr. Jacques Bouchard Head of the Nuclear Energy Division French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) jacques.bouchard@cea.fr   Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

Why should Nuclear Energy play a major role ? No CO2 emissions and no contribution to Global Warming Enhances the energy supply security An already competitive energy source Safety improvements in 3rd Gen reactors are already significant Promising assets to produce Hydrogen Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

Sustainable Development Vision Scenario (IEA 2003) 5 10 15 20 25 30 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 World Primary Energy Sources (Gtoe) 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9 World Population (Billions) Other Renewables Biomass Nuclear Gas Oil Coal Population Source IEA : Energy to 2050 - Scenarios for a Sustainable Future Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

The Evolution of Nuclear Power Future Systems Advanced Reactors Current Reactors First Reactors 1950 1970 1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 Generation I UNGG CHOOZ Generation II REP 900 REP 1300 N4 Generation III Generation IV EPR ? Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

Gen III : a mature technology for near term development Generation III reactors identified as ‘Near Term Deployment’ by the Generation IV Forum Advanced Pressurized Water Reactors AP 600, AP 1000, APR1400, APWR+, EPR Advanced Boiling Water Reactors ABWR II, ESBWR, HC-BWR, SWR-1000 Advanced Heavy Water Reactors ACR-700 (Advanced CANDU Reactor 700) Small and middle range power integrated Reactors CAREM, IMR, IRIS, SMART High Temperature, Gas Cooled, Modular Reactors GT-MHR, PBMR Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

Gen III : significant improvements in safety and also gradual improvements : less waste / kWh higher Pu consumption higher resources savings more competitive Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

GEN IV : paves the way for a sustainable nuclear energy New requirements for sustainable nuclear energy Gradual improvements in : Competitiveness Safety and reliability Concepts with breakthroughs Minimization of wastes Preservation of resources Resistance to Proliferation New applications : hydrogen production water desalination direct use of heat Penetration of new markets : emerging countries small countries France United Kingdom Canada E.U. U.S.A. Génération IV International Forum Members Switzerland Brazil Japan Argentina South Africa South Korea Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

Closed Fuel Cycles and Fast Reactors : minimize radiotoxicity nat Actinides Spent fuel Vitrified Waste FP GEN IV FR Treatment and Re - fabrication I.T.R.* * : Integrated Treatment and Refabrication  Benefits of Advanced fuel Cycles : A drastic minimization of ultimate waste : - volume, radiotoxicity, heat reduction Resources preservation Enhanced resistance to proliferation Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

GEN IV : Gas Cooled Reactors Fast neutrons Full Actinide recycling GFR VHTR HTR Hydrogen production Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

Security and Resistance to Proliferation Risk of proliferation associated to current industrial activities is not underestimated today in France and in Europe Up to now, no wrong use of nuclear materials coming from commercial reprocessing and recycling Enriched uranium is more attractive and affordable than plutonium International safeguards and controls should be improved Proliferation resistance features are considered at an early stage for future GEN IV systems We do not have yet all the answers Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

Capability to penetrate new markets : emerging countries - Reactors should be designed to be intrinsically : Robust and reliable (Safety), Simple to operate Resistant to proliferation Affordable - Externalization of the fuel cycle services ? Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

Capability to target new applications Nuclear energy will be essential for : Electrical power generation … but also for new applications : Hydrogen production Direct use of Heat Sea water desalination Very High Temperature Reactor Fuel Cell Prototype vehicle (hydrogen) Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004

Conclusion Nuclear Energy is competitive and will still improve its profitability Nuclear Energy is already safe and reliable ; new generations will be even safer Sustainability objectives to be met in a vision of a large expansion : - nuclear waste minimization - preservation of natural resources - resistance to proliferation - capability to penetrate new markets - capability to target new applications  Closed Cycles and Fast Reactors are the appropriate answer Innovative technologies and international cooperation are the pillars of sustainable nuclear development Nuclear Energy Division AIEA Int’ Conf. 50 Years, June 28, 2004