Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

C Is for Carbon Why does carbon form many different compounds? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry C Is for Carbon Why does carbon form many different compounds? Carbon has the ability to form a wide variety of molecules, based on the arrangement of its electrons. A carbon atom has a total of six electrons, two of which are in an inner shell. The four electrons in the outer shell form bonds with other atoms, and are called valence electrons. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Why does carbon form many different compounds? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry Why does carbon form many different compounds? Carbon atoms form bonds by sharing their valence electrons with other atoms. Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form bonds with up to four other atoms at the same time. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Why does carbon form many different compounds? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry Why does carbon form many different compounds? Identify the location and number of valence electrons in this model of a carbon atom. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

How does carbon form molecules? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry How does carbon form molecules? A carbon atom can form up to four single bonds at one time, each bond containing one electron pair. A carbon atom can form a double bond containing two electron pairs. Each carbon atom can form a maximum of two double bonds. A carbon atom can form a triple bond containing three electron pairs. Each carbon atom can form a maximum of one triple bond. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

How does carbon form molecules? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry How does carbon form molecules? Identify the single, double, and triple bonds in the molecules shown here. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

How does carbon form molecules? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry How does carbon form molecules? A carbon atom can form bonds with up to four other carbon atoms, making it possible for long chains of carbon atoms to form. These chains can spread in a straight line, or they can branch off in other directions. The branches may also contain chains, which add to the size of the molecule. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

The Secret Formula What information does a chemical formula contain? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry The Secret Formula What information does a chemical formula contain? The letters in a chemical formula identify the types of atoms in the molecule. Chemical formulas use the same one- and two-letter combinations that are used to identify elements in the periodic table. Using chemical symbols lets you show the composition of a molecule quickly. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

What information does a chemical formula contain? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry What information does a chemical formula contain? A chemical formula also tells you how many of each type of atom is present in the molecule. The number of each type of atom is represented by a number written at the bottom right of the chemical symbol. This number is called a subscript. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

What are the types of structural formulas? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry What are the types of structural formulas? The structural formula of a molecule shows how the atoms in the molecule are connected to one another. A full structural formula shows all of the bonds between the atoms of a molecule. In a simplified structural formula, the atoms bonded to each central carbon atom are grouped together. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

What are the types of structural formulas? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry What are the types of structural formulas? Identify the full and simplified structural formulas, and explain the advantages of each. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

It’s All Organic Where are organic compounds found? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry It’s All Organic Where are organic compounds found? An organic compound is a chemical compound that is composed of carbon, hydrogen, and possibly other elements. Many non-living things we use every day are made of organic compounds, such as nylon and heating fuel. Living things are also made up of organic compounds. They provide energy and structure for living things to grow and change. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

What other elements make up organic compounds? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry What other elements make up organic compounds? Organic compounds are usually composed of mostly carbon and hydrogen. They can also include other elements, such as fluorine, chlorine, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Shhh … It’s Classified! How are organic compounds classified? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry Shhh … It’s Classified! How are organic compounds classified? Chemists classify organic compounds based on their composition and structure. Three of the classes of organic compounds are hydrocarbons, organic acids, and carbohydrates. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

How are organic compounds classified? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry How are organic compounds classified? A hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. The simplest hydrocarbon is methane, CH4, which has just one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. Some hydrocarbons have more than 20 carbon atoms. Most long-chain hydrocarbons are found in oils and waxes. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

How are organic compounds classified? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry How are organic compounds classified? An organic acid is an organic compound that has acidic properties. Organic acids are identified by a group of atoms called a carboxyl group: COOH. In a carboxyl group, one oxygen atom is double-bonded to the carbon atom, and the other oxygen atom is single-bonded to the carbon and hydrogen atoms. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

How are organic compounds classified? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry How are organic compounds classified? A carbohydrate is a neutral organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are usually two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom. Carbohydrates are one of nature’s energy stores. Carbohydrates can be simple or complex. Simple carbohydrates are small sugar molecules, while complex carbohydrates are long chains of sugar molecules. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

What other structures can organic compounds form? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry What other structures can organic compounds form? A ring of carbon atoms can form from three or more carbon atoms. Some molecules include rings formed from six carbon atoms that are connected by alternating double and single bonds. These compounds are called aromatic compounds. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

What other structures can organic compounds form? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry What other structures can organic compounds form? Polymers are molecules composed of the same repeating small groups of atoms joined together in long chains. The small units are called monomers. Some people think the words plastic and polymer mean the same thing, but not every polymer is a plastic. Some molecules essential for life, such as nucleic acids, are polymers. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

What other structures can organic compounds form? Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry What other structures can organic compounds form? Identify the monomer units in this partial chain of the polymer polyvinyl chloride. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Technology Can Be Organic Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry Technology Can Be Organic Many flat panel screens on electronic devices use organic compounds in a device called an organic light emitting diode (OLED). An OLED display doesn’t need to be lit from behind, so the screens can be thinner and lighter. OLED panels do not have to be flat—they can also be curved or folding. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Technology Can Be Organic Unit 4 Lesson 2 Organic Chemistry Technology Can Be Organic The OLED panels are made of several layers of material that conduct electric current. When a current passes through the organic layers, light is emitted. Some organic layers are composed of small organic molecules, while other layers are composed of polymers. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company