“The war to end all wars.” WORLD WAR I “The war to end all wars.”

Causes on WWI The “MAIN” Causes: Militarism Alliance Systems Imperialism Nationalism

Causes of WWI 1800’s - Germany divided into small states. The Rise of German Military 1800’s - Germany divided into small states. Otto von Bismarck- built Prussian military, united Germany “Balance of Power”- Germany now stronger than GB, FR, RUS 1871- Franco-German War Germans took Alsace Lorraine from France

Europe in 1914

Causes of WWI Alliance Systems- formed by 1901 Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany, Turkey, Bulgaria, Austria-Hungary Triple Entente (Allied Powers) France, Russia, Great Britain (US) Alliances were to deter war.

Central Powers Germany Kaiser Wilhelm II Austria-Hungary Franz Joseph I Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

Allied Powers Russia France Georges Clemenceau Czar Nicholas II David Lloyd George Great Britain

Imperialism European countries were competing for new territories around the world.

Nationalism The rise of pride in your country.

The Assassination June 28, 1914 Prince Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Shot by students from Serbia called the “Black Hand”

The Assassination: Sarajevo Powder Keg explodes

The Assassin Gavrilo Princip

WAR DECLARATIONS June 28 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand July 28 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia July 29 – Dec. 9 Austria-Hungary repeatedly invades Serbia but is repeatedly repulsed, Russia has a secret alliance declares war on Austria-Hungary August 1 Germany declares war on Russia, Russia declares war on Germany August 3 Germany declares war on France August 4 Germany invades Belgium Britain declares war on Germany US President Woodrow Wilson declares policy of US neutrality

Fighting Begins Germany had 1 plan- attack France. *The Schlieffen Plan- dev. by General Alfred von Schlieffen.

Schlieffen Plan *90 % of army in right wing *5 % in the left wing *5% to Russia 90% 5% 5%

Must: 1- Get thru Belgium in 6 days. 2- Capture Paris Before G Must: 1- Get thru Belgium in 6 days 2- Capture Paris Before G. Britain can help

Western Front Schlieffen- died 1913 Helmuth von Moltke took over, changed the plan 65%, 25%, 10% 65% 10% 25%

The Attack Germans attack Belgium Belgium resistance, 18 days to get thru Belgium Britain able to send 90,000 men Germans attack - Allied troops retreat Allies dug trenches at the Marne R. 30 miles from Paris Stalemate

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan -Right wing reduced - 7:1 odds to 3:1 -Did no factor Belgium resistance -Failed to capture Paris

Two Front War Germans forced to fight in two places -Western Front and Eastern Front

The Western Front

Stalemate on the Western Front “Trench Warfare”- both sides dug trenches - Stalemate Life in the trenches- horrid conditions rats, lice, frogs, bugs, smell, flood, summer heat, freezing winters, disease, death at any moment

Trench Warfare

The area b/t the trenches Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land” The area b/t the trenches

Battle of Verdun (1916) Typical stalemate battle Germans tried to capture forts at Verdun, France Germans used “Big Berthas” (420 mm cannons), Germans bombed 72 hrs straight Explosion every 10 sec. 1.5 million causalities Lasted 10 months Nothing gained

Verdun

Cemetery at Verdun

Battle of the Somme (1916) Allies attack Germans British shell German trenches, charge “no man’s land” 58,000 British lost 1st day 1st British tank used 5 months- Br. gained 7 mi. 1 million casualties

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

The Gallipoli Disaster 1915 Ottoman Empire(Turkey) *Allies (GB, Australia, FR, NZ) tried to capture the Dardanelles (waterway to the Black Sea) and Constantinople Charged up mountains and cliffs- 250,000 casualties Allies pulled out

Eastern Front Russian Revolution (1917) Economy/people devastated by the war, food & fuel short Czar Nicholas forced out- later executed Bolshevik Revolution led by Vladimir Lenin Communists take over Russia out of the war.

War in the Middle East T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt” 1916-18 Arabs fight the Turks, take land in the Middle East

US & WORLD WAR I Break Down of the Policy of Neutrality Americans not neutral most Americans on Allies’ side Woodrow Wilson- not neutral- sent supplies to British National Defense Act -US builds up military

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Germans blockaded Britain Germans sunk ships carrying contraband Sinking of the Lusitania (May 1915) British passenger ship, sunk in 18 minutes, 128 Americans killed, US mad Sussex Pledge (1916) Germans sunk the Sussex, Wilson threatens Germany, Germans promise not to hit passenger ships, Germans break pledge in 1917

Zimmerman Note Arthur Zimmerman (Ger. Foreign Minister) telegrammed Pres. of Mexico Ger. wanted Mexico to declare war on US Message intercepted April 2, 1917- Wilson asks Congress to declare war – April 6 war declared

The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

US Fighting in WWI General John J. “Blackjack” Pershing commander of American forces Americans help stop Germans in major battles

St.Mihiel Offensive (1918) 21 Ally divisions (w/ 500,000 Amer. led by Pershing) vs. 9 German divisions German trenches-14 miles long 7 deep 3 months- Germans retreat- 35 miles, 150,000 Amer. killed

War on the Home Front Govt. took over factories to make weapons and war products Women did the work Govt. rationed goods (metal, food, leather, cloth etc.)

French Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies “Mata Hari” German Spy!

Propaganda One-sided information used by the govt. to persuade people

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

French Renault Tank

British Tank

U-Boats

The Airplane

The Flying Aces of World War I Francesco Barraco, It. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br. Eddie Rickenbacher, US Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr.

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Machine Gun

Poison Gas

The Final German Offensive All German forces sent to France for final push 2nd Battle of the Marne- Germans stopped 40 miles from Paris - pushed back by French, British and Americans

Nov. 11, 1918 Armistice signed- a ceasefire

Over 9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France

World War I Casualties

Creating a Peace Treaty Paris Peace Conference

David Lloyd George (GB); Georges Clemenceau (FR); Woodrow Wilson (US) Vittorio Orlando (IT); Paris, France. May 27, 1919

Wilson’s Fourteen Points Main Point Creation of the League of Nations

Treaty of Versailles War Guilt Clause- Germany responsible for the war Reparations- Germany to pay war debts- $33 billion Decreased militaries – none for Ger. Return of Alsace-Lorraine to France Redrew the map of Europe - Czechoslovakia created, Germany loses territory– Austria-Hungary split Creation of the League of Nations