Problem – Solution - Impact Sao Paulo Transport Problem – Solution - Impact

The Problem-Roads Rapid rural-urban migration since 1940s led to rapid urban growth New roads build quickly out of necessity with very little planning Ineffective public transport 7 million cars on the road with 97% of all travel by road in Sao Paulo Very long tailbacks and commutes of up to 2 hours High levels of pollution and poor roads; city cannot afford/have no time to repair them Bad for businesses which rely on transport for deliveries etc…

The Problem-Underground Only 5 lines for 20 million people (London has 11 lines!) and 64 stations Does not cover all zones of the city Incentives, rewards and travelcards not offered

The Problem-Buses Congestion limits the movement of buses Poor access for passengers and lack of effective ticket collection Average speed 13km/h Unreliable service

Solutions and Impact - Rodizo Number plate determined restrictions This reduced traffic and increased average speeds Offset by higher car ownership however, congestion still bad Less accidents Less fuel use and emissions Aims of scheme were met

Solutions and Effectiveness- Ethanol and Electric Cars Brazil is largest consumer and producer of ethanol Ethanol is environmentally friendly and more cost effective than petrol Implementation of hybrid cars (petrol and 25% ethanol) Twice the fuel economy of regular vehicles and cuts greenhouse emissions by half Ethanol is renewable Ethanol production has also raised concerns regarding water overuse and pollution, soil erosion and possible contamination by excessive use of fertilisers Concerns over deforestation for sugarcane (from which ethanol is extracted), however 99.7% of sugarcane growing is not in the rainforest Sugarcane production creates jobs, however poor working conditions and wages have led to criticism

Solutions and Effectiveness – Improving the Underground Plans to add new lines including a link to the city centre Accident in 2007 as a result of poor soil analysis during construction of new line claimed 7 lives Damage to neighbouring houses as a result of the accident

Solution and Impact - Helicopters Sao Paulo is the Helicopter capital of the world Vastly reduce journey times Cheaper than losing the time for high earning businessmen Only available to the rich

Solution and Impact – Suspension Bridge Connects roads Marginal Pinheros and Marinho Avenue Aim is to reduce bottlenecks at two other bridges Largely successful in diverting traffic from these areas No pedestrian walkway Target for vandals and metal thieves, costly to repair

Solution and Impact – Cycle Lanes A red cycle lane has been opened in Avenida Paulista, in central Sao Paulo. Sao Paulo’s mayor has pledged to expand the city’s existing network of bike lanes from 64.7 m (40 miles) to 400km in length by 2016 in order to reduce traffic congestion. The bike lanes have vastly improved safety for Sao Paulo’s cyclists. Over half of Sao Paulo’s residents cycle at least one per week. Critics said the project was poorly planned and consultation had been inadequate, while others argued the level of demand did not justify the expense and disruption.