ET5 Summer 2009

S6 100 S5 001 S7 111 1 1 1 1 1

S5 011 S3 000 S6 001 S4 110 S0 111 S7 101 S2 100 S1 010

S5 and S6 are “Stuck States” On” Power Up” if the Counter enters either one of these stuck states then it will not progress through the required count sequence.

= A 1 1 = B + C 1 1 1 1 = A C + 1 1 1 1

Thin

For the Diff amplifier Vout =V diff (RF/R1) Ie R1 1K, and RF 200K

Voltage at P=(VS/Total R)x 54K= (0.2/90K) x54K=0.12v 0.04 0.12 0.08

12 0 0 0 1 12 12 0 1 0 Increasing the reference voltage would increase the resolution ( double it ) but make the instrument less sensitive. 8 bits would require 2N-1= 28-1 =256-1 =255 comparators As the temperature changes are gradual then speed of data manipulation is not a concern and therefore a successive approximation ADC would be appropriate.

Bass Cut Treble Cut Both of the above filters demonstrate a gain greater than unity which cannot be achieved by a passive filter.

Break occurs at 2KHz

100K 2K At break Xc=R C= 1 = 1 = 3.18nF 2fbR 2x500x100x103

C R r

0v 0v

+2.3v -2.3v Max power = Vs2/8RL=(24)2/32 = 18W

It must be forward biased. A positive pulse must be applied to the gate.

R2 S 12 0 0 12 0 12

VR = 12-1.5 = 10.5v, min gate current = 5mA R = V/I =10.5/ 5x10-3= 2.1x103 = 2.1K

Thyristor Heater

Line regulation is the ability of the regulator to maintain Vout at the required level even when the supply voltage fluctuates. Load reg is the ability of the regulator to maintain Vout at the required level even when the load current fluctuates. decrease decrease Stays the same increases

VlVz(1+RF/R1) = 12 (1+0) = 12v Vl = 12( 1+ 0.5) = 18 v But as the power supply can only supply a voltage of 15v then the max output voltage is 15v ie the op-amp saturates