James M. Kuterbach, MA July 27, 2006 PY 101 General Psychology James M. Kuterbach, MA July 27, 2006

Overview Learning Memory Thinking

Learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Learning by Observation

Learning Learning – a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior die to experience

Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning – also called “Pavlovian Conditioning” Watson & Pavlov Basis behind “habits” and phobias Unconditioned and Conditioned Stimuli

Classical Conditioning Learning by Association Associative Learning – learning that certain events occur together Learning is a passive participant

Classical Conditioning Food Salivation Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditional Response

Classical Conditioning Food Salivation Bell Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditional Response Conditioned Stimulus

Classical Conditioning Bell Salivation Conditioned Stimulus Conditional Response

Classical Conditioning Load Noise Startle Response & Fear Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditional Response

Classical Conditioning Load Noise Startle Response & Fear Fuzzy Animal Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditional Response Conditioned Stimulus

Classical Conditioning Fuzzy Animal Startle Response & Fear Conditioned Stimulus Conditional Response

Classical Conditioning Extinction – the diminishing of a conditioned response Spontaneous Recovery – the reappearance of an extinguished response, after a rest period Generalization – tendency for similar stimuli to elicit a conditioned response

Operant Conditioning Thorndike & Skinner Based on the Law of Effect Rewarded behavior is likely to recur Basis of most direct learning Learner must be an active participant

Operant Conditioning Reinforcements & Punishments Reinforcements – Anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring Punishment – Anything that decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring

Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement – giving a desired stimulus to increase a behavior Negative Reinforcement – removing an adverse stimulus to increase a behavior

Operant Conditioning Reinforcement Schedules Fixed-ratio schedule Variable-ratio schedule Fixed-interval schedule Variable-interval schedule

Operant Conditioning Punishments that work Time out Overcorrection “Time out from positive reinforcement” Remove the person from whatever is reinforcing their behavior Overcorrection

Operant Conditioning Shaping – procedure that guides a subject to the eventual desired behavior by reinforcing successive approximations Chaining – creating a new behavior by putting together a series of known behaviors

Learning By Observation Bandura – Social Learning Theory Also called Observational Learning May be responsible for most learning Learner is active in learning

Learning By Observation Learning occurs by observing others being reinforced or punished Modeling The best models are those that are most like the learner

Memory Memory – the persistence of learning over time, through the storage and retrieval of information Information Processing System Encoding Storage Retrieval

Memory Short-term Memory Chunking Long-term Memory Mnemonics

Thinking Cognition – mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Hueristic – simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently

Thinking Obstacles to Problem Solving Confirmation Bias Fixation Mental Set Functional Fixedness Representative Heuristic Availability Heuristic