Bell Work 11/19 Photosynthesis: organelle _______________ Reactions (or stages) ________________ & _________________ aka: ___________ Equation: ______________________________

Bell Work Cellular Respiration: organelle _____________ Anaerobic: _____________ & _____________ Aerobic ________, ________, & _________ aka: _____ Equation: _______________________________

Bell Work Photosynthesis: organelle CHLOROPAST Reactions: Light dependent & Light independent aka: Calvin Cycle Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (light)  C6H12O6 + 6O2

Bell Work Cellular Respiration: organelle Anaerobic: MITOCHONDRIA Anaerobic: Glycolysis & Fermentation Aerobic: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, & Electron Transport Chain aka: Citric Acid Cycle Equation: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP)

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration What is a calorie? the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celcius 2. What is a Calorie? The Calorie is used on food labels is actually a kilocalorie, or 1000 calories.

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 3. What is glycolysis? Glycolysis is the first step in releasing the energy from glucose, in which a molecule of glucose is broken into two molecules of pyruvic acid. 4. If oxygen is present, glycolysis leads to two other pathways The Krebs cycle & the electron transport chain

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 5. Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain make up a process called cellular respiration 6. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? 6O2 + C6H12O6  6CO2 + 6H2O + ENERGY

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 7. The first set of reactions in cellular respiration is glycolysis 8. Glycolysis is the process in which 1 molecule of ____ glucose Is broken in half, producing 2 molecules of _____ pyruvic acid

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 9. At the beginning of glycolysis, ___ molecules of ATP are used up. Although the cell puts ___ ATP molecules into it’s “account” to get glycolysis going, when glycolysis is complete ___ ATP molecules have been produced. This gives the cell a net gain of ____ ATP molecules. 2 4

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 10. What is the name of the electron carrier in cellular respiration? NAD+ 11. Does glycolysis itself require oxygen? no

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 12. When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by fermentation 13. During this process, cells convert ___ to ___ by passing high-energy electrons back to pyruvic acid. This action restores the electron carrier, allowing glycolysis to continue producing a steady supply of ____. NADH to NAD+ ATP

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 14. Because fermentation does not require oxygen, it is said to be _____. anaerobic 15. What are the two main types of fermentation? Alcoholic pyruvic acid + NADH -> alcohol + CO2 + NAD+ example : bread Lactic Acid pyruvic acid + NADH -> lactic acid + NAD+ example: in muscles after rapid exercise

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 16. At the end of glycolysis, about ___ percent of the chemical energy that was available in glucose is still unused, locked in the high energy electrons of ________________. 90 Pyruvic acid

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 17. Because the pathways of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are said to be ______. aerobic 18. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis passes to the second stage of cellular respiration, the _________. Krebs cycle

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 19. During the Krebs cycle, ____ is broken down into _____ in a series of energy extracting reactions. pyruvic acid carbon dioxide 20. The Krebs cycle begins with pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the ________. mitochondrion

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 21. What is the Krebs cycle also known as? the citric acid cycle The Krebs cycle generates high-energy electrons that are passed to ____ and ____. NADH and FADH2 The electrons are then passed from those carriers to the _________. Electron transport chain

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 23. The electron transport chain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP into ATP. 24. Where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes/ prokaryotes? eukaryotes: mitochondria prokaryotes: cell membrane

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 25. What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration? ATP synthase binds ADP and a third phosphate group to make ATP 26. The Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain enable the cell to produce roughly ___ ATP molecules per glucose molecule. 36

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 27. How efficient is cellular respiration? The 36 ATP molecules represent about 38% of the total energy of glucose. What happens to the remaining 62%? It is released as heat, which is why your body feels warmer after vigorous exercise.

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 28. Which process produces quick energy and which process produces long term energy? Quick Energy: Cells normally contain small amounts of ATP produced during glycolysis and cellular respiration. Muscles contain only enough ATP for a few seconds of intense activity. After this point, muscle cells produce most of their energy by lactic acid fermentation.

Chapter 9 Cellular Respiration 28 continued Long Term Energy: For exercise longer than about 90 seconds, cellular respiration is the only way to generate a continuing supply of ATP. These stores of glycogen are usually last for 15-20 minutes of activity. After that, your body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy.

Be sure to label each equation. EXIT TICKET Reminder: Put away your notes/ close your books. No talking or looking on another student’s paper Write both the chemical equation for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Be sure to label each equation.