Nervous System and Behavioral Health Chapter 15 Nervous System and Behavioral Health Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 15 Lesson 15.1 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 15-2

Objectives Identify organs and structures of the nervous system. Define and spell the word parts related to the nervous system Define, pronounce and spell disease and disorder terms related to the nervous system. Define, pronounce and spell surgical terms related to the nervous system. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Function of the Nervous System Cooperates with the endocrine system in regulating and controlling the activities of the other body systems The nervous system may be divided into two parts: central nervous system (CNS): made up of the brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system (PNS): made up of cranial and spinal nerves The nervous system and endocrine system work together to regulate and control other body systems. What are the functions of the peripheral nervous system? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Nervous System This is an illustration of the spinal nerves of the nervous system. Note its branch-like network. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cranial Nerves This is an illustration of the cranial nerves. Why are these nerves separate from the rest of the nervous system? What is the function of these cranial nerves? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Central Nervous System brain: major portion of the central nervous system cerebrum: largest portion of the brain, divided into right and left hemispheres; controls the skeletal muscles, interprets general senses (temperature, pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum. Discuss the structure of the brain as a collection of sections and not just a single organ. How does this structure benefit the human body? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Central Nervous System (cont’d.) brain (cont’d) ventricles: spaces within the cerebrum that contain a fluid called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord cerebral spinal fluid (CSF): clear, colorless fluid to cushion the brain and spinal column from shock; transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste Note that the common medical term ventricles is also applied to the brain. What might be the most important function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)? Why is this an important function? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Central Nervous System (cont’d.) brain (cont’d) cerebellum: often called the hindbrain, located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum. Its function is to assist in the coordination of skeletal muscles and to maintain balance. brainstem: stemlike portion of the brain; connects with the spinal cord. When was the function of the cerebellum first described? Cerebellum literally means “little brain” and is a derivative of cerebrum. What does cerebrum mean? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Central Nervous System (cont’d.) brain (cont’d) pons: literally means “bridge.” It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem. medulla oblongata: located between pons and spinal cord; contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure. Discuss the concept of the pons bridging various sections of the brain. What would happen to brain function if there were no pons? What would result from an injury to the medulla oblongata? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Central Nervous System (cont’d.) spinal cord passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the 2nd lumbar vertebra; conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain. Discuss how the spinal cord is the primary neural pathway in the body. What happens to the nervous system past the second lumbar vertebra? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Central Nervous System (cont’d.) spinal cord meninges: 3 layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord dura mater: tough outer layer arachnoid: delicate middle layer; the arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space pia mater: thin inner layer of the meanings The Latin translation of the first and third layers of the meninges are dura mater, meaning “hard mother,” and pia mater, meaning “soft mother.” What do the terms hard mother and soft mother indicate about the structure of the meninges? What is the significance of the word “mother” in describing the meninges? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Brain and Spinal Cord This is an illustration of the brain and spinal cord. Note how the spinal cord ends with a branch-like structure called the cauda equina, which resembles a “horse’s tail.” Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spinal Cord Showing Layers of Meninges This is an illustration of the spinal cord showing the layers of the meninges. Note the relationship between the dura mater and the pia mater. Note the spinal nerve and spinal ganglia. What is the purpose of the spinal nerve and ganglia? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Peripheral Nervous System nerve: cordlike structure that carries impulses from one part of the body to another 12 pair of cranial nerves 31 pair of spinal nerves ganglion: group of nerve cells located outside the central nervous system glia: cells that support and nourish nervous tissue neuron: conduct nerve empulses What is the purpose of the peripheral nervous system? How do the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system work together? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms of the Nervous System cerebell/o cerebr/o dur/o encephal/o gangli/o, ganglion/o gli/o mening/i, meningi/o myel/o neur/o radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o What is the combining form for “the brain”? What is the combining form for “nerves”? Why are there three different combining forms for nerve root? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms Commonly Used with the Nervous System esthesi/o ment/o, psych/o mon/o phas/o poli/o quadr/i What does the combining form poli/o refer to? Why are there two combining forms for “mind”? What is the combining form for “sensation,” “sensitivity,” and “feeling”? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes -iatrist -iatry -ictal -paresis What is the suffix for seizure or attack? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Helpful Information The combining form myel/o is defined as spinal cord in Chapter 15, although it also means bone marrow, as presented in Chapter 14. The suffix “-paresis” means slight paralysis while the suffix “-plegia” means paralysis. Note this helpful information for the combining form and suffix. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Clicker Question Which of the following means slight paralysis -paresis -plegia Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts cerebellitis cerebral thrombosis duritis encephalitis encephalomalacia encephalomyeloradiculitis ganglitis glioblastoma glioma meningitis meningioma meningocele meningomyelocele mononeuropathy neuralgia What is inflammation of the cerebellum? What does encephalitis mean? What does the term meningitis mean? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

This illustration shows spina bifida and meningomyelocele. What is the relationship between the meninges, spinal cord, and a harmful protrusion? meningomyelocele Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.) neurasthenia neuritis neuroarthropathy neuroma neuropathy poliomyelitis polyneuritis polyneuropathy radiculitis radiculopathy rhizomeningomyelitis subdural hematoma What is a developing nerve cell called? What is the difference between neuritis and polyneuritis? What are symptoms of neurasthenia? What is the term for an “inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and spinal cord”? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Clicker Question A blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic plaque that lodges on a cerebral artery is called? cerebral embolism cerebral thrombosis Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts Alzheimer disease (AD) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Bell palsy cerebral aneurysm cerebral embolism cerebral palsy (CP) dementia epilepsy hydrocephalus Why is ALS also called Lou Gehrig disease? What does the term Bell palsy mean? What are the symptoms of cerebral palsy? Epilepsy was first described by Hippocrates. How is epilepsy diagnosed? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Bell Palsy In this illustration of Bell palsy, named after 18th century Scottish physician Charles Bell, one side of the face sags and the eyelid won’t close. This is an example of an eponym. Is this condition permanent or temporary? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Causes of Stroke What are the causes of stroke and how do they differ? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.) intracerebral hemorrhage multiple sclerosis (MS) Parkinson disease (PD) sciatica shingles stroke subarachnold transient ischemic attack (TIA) Parkinson disease, first described in 1817 by English physician James Parkinson, is also called parkinsonism, paralysis agitans, and shaking palsy. What type of disease is shingles and what causes it? Would a person suffering a TIA be permanently affected? What is a TIA a precursor for? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Shingles In this photograph of a patient with shingles, note how the sores follow the nerve path. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts ganglionectomy neurectomy neurolysis neuroplasty neurorrhaphy neurotomy radicotomy, rhizotomy What does the term neurectomy mean? What is an incision into the nerve root called? What is neurolysis and what does it treat? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

rhizotomy or radicotomy What word parts make up the term that describes the action pictured? Note the surgical instruments used to perform this procedure. rhizotomy or radicotomy Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 15 Lesson 15.2 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Objectives Define, pronounce and spell diagnostic terms related to the nervous system. Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to the nervous system. Define, pronounce and spell behavioral health terms Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the nervous system. Interpret, read and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts Diagnostic imaging cerebral angiography CT myelography Neurodiagnostic procedures electroencephalogram (EEG) electroencephalograph electroencephalography What is cerebral angiography? What is CT myelography used to measure? What is the process of recording the brain using sound? What does an electroencephalograph measure? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Clicker Question Correct labeling of the diagram is: CT myelography CT mylography In CT myelography, what is the role of the injected contrasting agent? Clicker question Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts Diagnostic imaging computed tomography of the brain (CT scan) magnetic resonance imaging of the brain or spine (MRI scan) positron emission tomography of the brain (PET scan) Neurodiagnostic procedures evoked potential studies (EP studies) What are the similarities between a CT scan, an MRI, and a PET scan? How would the choice of diagnostic imaging be determined? What are EP studies and what do they show? The first CT unit was used in England in 1971. The MRI was developed in England and first used in the United States in 1981. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.) Other lumbar puncture (LP) What is a lumbar puncture used for? Is it invasive or noninvasive? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Lumbar Puncture with Needle in Place Note the illustration of the lumbar puncture. What is another term for this procedure? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts gliocyte hemiparesis hemiplegia hyperesthesia interictal intracerebral anesthesia aphasia cephalalgia cerebral craniocerebral dysphasia encephalosclerosis What does the term cephalalgia mean? What is the medical term for difficulty in speaking? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (con’t) monoparesis monoplegia myelomalacia neuroid neurologist neurology paresthesia panplegia postictal quadriplegia subdural What does a neurologist do? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts afferent ataxia cognitive coma concussion conscious convulsion disorientation dysarthria efferent gait incoherent paraplegia seizure shunt syncope unconsciousness Paraplegia is derived from the Greek para meaning “beside” and plegia meaning “paralysis.” Paraplegia first meant paralysis of any limb, now it refers to paralysis from the waist down. How is a shunt different from a stent? What does the medical term syncope mean? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

1. Hemiplegia. 2. Paraplegia. 3. Quadriplegia. In the picture, note the difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Behavioral Health Terms Built from Word Parts psychiatrist psychiatry psychogenic psychologist psychology psychopathy psychosis psychosomatic Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Behavioral Health Terms Not Built from Word Parts anorexia nervosa anxiety disorder attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) bipolar disorder bulimia nervosa major depression obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) panic attack phobia pica posttraumatic stress disorder schizophrenia somatoform disorders What are the symptoms of an anxiety disorder? Is a panic attack part of an anxiety disorder? What is the difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa? What causes posttraumatic stress disorder? What are the symptoms of a major depression? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Clicker Question PTSD is the abbreviation for posttraumatic schizophrenia disease posttraumatic stress disorder Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Abbreviations AD LP ADHD MRI scan ALS OCD CP PD CSF PET scan CVA PNS EEG EP studies LP MRI scan OCD PD PET scan PNS PTSD TIA What does ADHD mean? What does CSF mean? What does MS mean? What does ALS mean? Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Read Medical Terms in Use A 78-year-old right-handed man presented to the Emergency Department with a right hemiparesis, expressive aphasia, and no apparent cognitive decline. He has a history of hypertension and 2 years ago had a transient ischemic attack. A computed tomography scan of the brain was negative for an intracerebral hemorrhage. A neurologist was consulted. She confirmed the diagnosis of a ischemic stroke after magnetic resonance imaging of the brain demonstrated an ischemic area of the left cerebral cortex caused by a cerebral embolism. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.