Behavioral & Humanistic Approaches Personality Behavioral & Humanistic Approaches

John Watson Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-informed, and my own special world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artists, merchant-chief, and yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years. (1924)

Behavioral Approach Basic Tenets of Behaviorism Behavior is the subject of psychology Behavior is a product of learning

Learning B. F. Skinner Identified many of the basic laws of operant conditioning Operant Conditioning A form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Learning Reinforcement A consequence that increases the probability of a behavior occurring again

Learning Punishment A consequence that decreases the probability of the behavior occurring again

Superstitious Behavior Explained by conditioning in which consequences is not a result of behavior, but is perceived to be “accidental reinforcement” Intermittent (or partial) Reinforcement Where behavior is sporadically reinforced Most powerful reinforcement

Social Learning Theory (a. k. a. Observational Learning) Albert Bandura Expanded the role of reinforcement & the degree to which person is involved in learning

Social Learning & Reinforcement Direct Reinforcement (Behavior  Consequence) Self-Reinforcement (pride, guilt, shame) Vicarious Reinforcement Model Person whose behavior is observed by others

Social Learning Model ABILITY MOTIVATION ATTENTION RETENTION First, individuals must pay attention to important features of behavior to be modeled Must be able to reproduce behavior Behavior must be remembered Individual will only engage in behavior if it is in best interest of the individual

Social Learning Theory

Bandura vs. Skinner

Humanism Emphasizes the unique qualities of humans, especially their freedom, & potential for personal growth

Carl Rogers Person Centered Approach “The organism has one basic tendency and striving –to actualize, maintain, and enhance …” Unconditional Positive Regard Acceptance that is not contingent upon certain behaviors

Humanism: Basic Elements Self Incongruence-Congruence Self Reality or Ideal Self

Humanism: Basic Elements Self Incongruence-Congruence Reality / Ideal Self Self