The Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment

The Scientific Revolution

In the _______s and 1600s, the _________ Revolution changed how people looked at the ________. During the 1600s and _________s, people used what they had learned from the Scientific Revolution and applied it to _________, coming up with new ________ of viewing government. 1500 Scientific world 1700 society ways

From the 1500s-1700s, Europeans: Experienced the Scientific Revolution, which caused people to _______ their views about the _________ Entered the Enlightenment, in which ___________ applied _________ to society and government Developed ideas about basic human __________ and _________ Began to consider ________ ideas and the concept of ________ question world people reason behavior rights government democracy

New Ideas About the Universe Revolution = ________ The period of change during the 1500-1600s, when people questioned _________ views of the world: The Scientific Revolution CHANGE traditional

Who Helped change these ideas? Nicolaus __________: questioned the Church’s traditional _________, or earth-centered theory of the universe. Instead, proposed the _________, or ______-centered theory by using ___________ formulas and calculations. __________ Galilei: Observed the _______ with his telescope, and charted _______/star movements. He was able to ________ the heliocentric theory. The ________ put him on trial for contradicting them, and he was forced to _________ (take back) his beliefs with the threat of death copernicus geocentric sun heliocentric mathematical sky Galileo planet prove Church recant

Newton: further used the knowledge of Galileo and Copernicus and proved the theory of _________ and the idea that there are ________ laws in the universe gravity natural

New Ways of Thinking: Scientists used ___________ and _____________and will develop the Scientific Method (_________ & Descartes) René Descartes challenged the _____ idea that knowledge should be made to fit existing __________ideas observation experimentation Bacon old traditional

Science and the Enlightenment During the Scientific ____________, people begin using ___________ to explain things happening in the physical universe. By the ________s, writers began applying these ideas to discover _________ laws, or laws that govern human behavior. By applying these laws (using the scientific method etc.) to real-world situations, these scholars felt they could solve society’s ___________. Revolution reason 1700 natural problems

The Enlightenment

This new way of thinking led to the _____________, a period of time in the ________s when people rejected traditional ideas about society, and supported a belief in _________ reason. Enlightenment 1700s human

Leading Thinkers of the Enlightenment John Locke- __________ thinker who believed in natural rights. These rights include the right to __________, liberty, and property. Many people will borrow Locke’s ideas for ___________ applications, like ____________________, while writing the US Declaration of Independence English life government Thomas Jefferson

Montesquieu- believed that governments should be separated into ____ branches: legislative (lawmaking), judicial (judges determine constitutionality of laws), and __________ (enforce the laws). This _____________of powers would serve as a system of checks and balances, to make sure no one branch of government was more ____________ than another. 3 Executive separation powerful

Voltaire- French thinker who believed in _____________ of speech Voltaire- French thinker who believed in _____________ of speech. Wrote many books making fun of Louis XIV and absolute monarchs. Jailed for his ideas, and forced to move to Switzerland in exile. Also called for ___________ and religious freedom. freedom intellectual Voltaire helped coin a new writing style: SATIRE and stated, “The PEN is mightier than the SWORD.”

Rousseau- Believed that people give up some of their __________ in order to better society (WE HAVE SPEED LIMITS in part because of this thinker!). This unwritten agreement in society is called a ___________ contract. We give up our own selfish interests for the common good of society. The majority should always work for the __________ good. rights social common

Impact of the Enlightenment Greater numbers of people began to question ___________ monarchs, traditional beliefs and customs Governments (________) often tried to suppress/get rid of enlightenment ideas because they threatened ___________ ways of ruling absolute Kings traditional

Many thinkers were thrown in ________ for their beliefs/ and the government ___________ their writing prison censored

despots Enlightened ____________: Some monarchs were more supportive of these new ideas than others. They used their power as ________ to use some of these ideas to reform society for the better Maria Theresa- improved her country’s _____ system, and didn’t make ___________ pay as much as richer people. She also worked to establish a system of __________ education in Austria to help children Joseph II- furthered his mother’s policies (Maria Theresa) and made even more _________. He created more __________ changes in government, chose people for cabinet positions based on _______ rather than status, ended ___________, and got rid of __________ in Austria monarchs tax peasants public reforms democratic merit censorship serfdom

Catherine the Great- corresponded with Enlightenment writers, like ___________ and Montesquieu, asked the __________ people for advice, built schools and __________, promoted education for _________, and extended religious _____________ (although later in her reign, she cracked down and got rid of many of these freedoms) Voltaire Russian hospitals females tolerance

Democracy and Nationalism The Enlightenment help inspire ___________ across Europe, a belief in ___________ freedom, and a sense of basic _________ of human beings These _________ will later be used to ____________ political and religious authority across Europe, in the form of political _______________. People across Europe will soon fight for ____________ forms of government. individualism personal equality concepts challenge revolutions democratic