1750 - 1914 The Machine Age

Industrialization created a truly independent world Big Ideas - 1 Industrialization created a truly independent world search for raw materials & markets for finished goods led to imperialism Population increased people migrated to cities to work in factories free labor more desirable in market economy Serfs & slaves eventually gained freedom

Women worked in factories Big Ideas - 2 Women worked in factories paid less than men led to rise of women’s movement Working class emerged & eventually forced changes in the political system unions fought for better working conditions political changes followed voting rights were extended

Big Ideas - 3 Western culture was exported through colonialism, while Asian & African culture influence artistic movements Enlightenment ideals of freedom led to drives for independence and greater democracy political revolution forced government to extend rights to lower classes

Major Revolutions inspired by the Enlightenment 1776 - British colonies in North America revolted over tax & non representation result: no legal or political equality except for wealthy white men

Desire to replace the social structure France 1789 - 1815 Desire to replace the social structure causes: war debt, tax burden CLASS WAR ensued Napoleon rose to power in nationalistic wave established a merit based society rewrote French laws censorship

Other Revolts HAITI LATIN AMERICA Slaves & gens de couleur fought for independence from France & won White nations refused recognition leading to isolation and poverty LATIN AMERICA Creoles seized power Society remained stratified & continued largely as under colonial rule

Nationalism led to Unification of Italy & Germany Unified under liberal regime of Sardinia’s king Austria & Bourbon cadet royals expelled Germany Prussian militarism forced it defeated France/Austria Caused upset in balance of power major rival to British military/economy

Industrialization: Before After Rural/ agricultural society Family farms Asian based mfg Rural based population Capitalist/ urban economy Wage earners Factory based mfg Urban population

Why England & not China? British investment capital Stable government & available workers Raw materials close at hand/England & Wales Raw materials were in Manchuria Population centers were in central & south China Satisfied with status quo

Effects of Industrialization - 1 Changed gender roles men’s status increased with higher wages Traditional family structure changed extended v. nuclear women & children were cheap labor sources Middle class women did not work outside the home

Effects of Industrialization - 2 Dependency Theory Most profits of cash crop economies went abroad no industrialization there Underdevelopment in Asia/Africa/Latin America part of a process cheap raw materials were required by wealthy industrial nations they supplied the goods/ purchased finished products Plantation social systems remained firmly in place

Reaction to Industrialization - Socialism Reaction to appalling conditions for workers, greed of owners, no intervention by government Suggested economy run by working class Property owned in common Those with money would be overthrown Ranged from revolutionary to liberal

Imperialism - Legacy India changed from supplier of textiles to a consumer Europeans migrated in search of cheap land & opportunity Asian/Africans migrated as indentured servants to tropical lands Scientific racism justified poor treatment of colonial peoples

Traditional Empires: Reform & Reaction - 1 Ottomans dependent on European technology/ cash Periphery fragmented Egypt, Balkans Religious conservatives blocked effective reform WWI losses led to overthrown of sultan Russia Vast expansion Military lagged behind Europe Repressed liberal movements State sponsored industrialization poorly managed led to rebellion/strikes

Traditional Empires: Reform & Reaction - 2 CHINA Reform attempts opposed by court Xenophobic leadership Failed to counter European imperialists Famine, wide-scale rebellion Revolution slowly developed; Qings overthrown, 1911 JAPAN 1860s liberal revolution established constitutional govt Rapid industrialization & westernization program embraced reaction to threat by western powers Emergence as imperial power by 1900

Middle class grew leading to a new focus on leisure time Cultural influences Art movements romanticism gave way to impressionism focus on nature inspired by Japan Middle class grew leading to a new focus on leisure time summer vacations made possible by trains professional sports, daily newspapers, theatre, bicycle