How the 2nd Industrial Revolution changed cities in America Urbanization

http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/papr/nychome.html Video clips of NYC 1900

What is an urban area? An urban area may be defined by the number of residents or the population density Some countries define any place with a population of 2,500 or more as urban; others set a minimum of 20,000. Each country develops its own criteria for defining urban areas. The United States uses a population density requirement of 2,500. “metropolitan” includes both urban areas as well as suburban areas integrated with a particular city. In general, cities are centers of industry and commerce http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx

The Changing City Pre-2nd Industrial Revolution cities were (horizontally and vertically) compact: Most people lived within a 45 minute walk from the city center; city circumference of a few miles (3-5) buildings no more than 3 – 4 stories.

Changes in Population: In 1800, only 3% of the world's population lived in urban areas. Between 1865 – 1900 the percent of Americans living in cities doubled from 20% to 40% Mostly in the Northeast (New York) and Midwest (Chicago) By 1920, 50% of Americans lived in urban areas Today approximately 80% of Americans live in urban areas http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/Urbanization.aspx

The Changing City 1800: New York population 60,515 Cleveland was in the top 10 most populated from 1890 until 1980

Why did Population Increase? JOBS JOBS JOBS JOBS JOBS! draw people to the area Migration from the South: African Americans farmers who want to escape discrimination and violence Migration from the rural regions: as farming became more efficient because of better equipment and techniques, the number of farm workers decreases Immigration from Europe (to East Coast) and Asia (to West Coast) By 1910, immigrant families were more than ½ of the population in 18 major U.S. cities

What is changing the city? By the late 1800s cities changed due to: innovations growing population

Skyscrapers In order to accommodate the growing population & Make the best use of limited and expensive space Before steel, the use of masonry walls limited the height of the building With the development of steel frames buildings could be built taller, with more windows and less wall space

Panorama of New York 1895

The Elevator In 1853 Elisha Otis developed brakes used in the modern elevator enabling buildings to be taller than the limit of stairs that could be climbed (5 floors) On March 23, 1857, he installed the first commercial passenger elevator in a department store in New York City.

Courtland St. N.Y.

Cleveland "The Hollenden Hotel at the corner of Superior and East 6th Street ca. 1900. The grandest hotel in Cleveland at the time it opened in 1885, the eight-story hotel featured electric lights”

Mass Transit Extended US cities outward Included public transport like electric trains, subways, trolley cars. Some cities like Chicago create “el” trains (elevated above street level) Because workers no longer had to live with in walking distance of jobs, urban areas expanded to as much as 20 sq. miles

New York City sidewalk with horse drawn carriages and church in background.]

"A piano is delivered to a residence on Rockwell Street ca "A piano is delivered to a residence on Rockwell Street ca. 1880 by the B. Dreher's Sons Company, sales agent for Knabe and Haines Brothers Pianos and Organs, 371 and 373 Superior and 29 the Arcade."

14th Street, N.Y. 1894

Cleveland "A bird's eye view from East 6th Street. In 1914, Euclid Avenue was an important commercial, shopping, and entertainment center."

Steel Bridges Steel cable used in suspension bridge design Link separate sections of cities like the 1, 595 foot long Brooklyn Bridge built in 1883 to connect Brooklyn and Manhattan

Building of Brooklyn Bridge

Brooklyn Bridge

"A wide view of the Detroit-Superior Bridge "A wide view of the Detroit-Superior Bridge. Built in 1914-1918, it is a main artery connecting the east and west sides of Cleveland. The two-level bridge carried automobiles and pedestrian traffic on the upper level and electric streetcars on the lower level. The central span is 592 feet long, rises 196 feet above the river, and is anchored by twelve concrete arches."

NYC Today

Suburbs The expansion of transportation to areas beyond the urban center led to the growth of suburbs suburbs- residential neighborhoods on the outskirts of a city. Generally wealthy residents who could afford housing and the cost of transportation

New Consumer Culture Impact of an industrial revolution on products? increase in raw materials + increase in speed / efficiency of production = increase in quantity = decrease in price Growing city populations and the rise of the middle class led to increased “shopping” Shopping centers – designed for leisure experience Cleveland – nation’s first shopping center in 1890 Department stores – sold a variety of merchandise Marshall Field of Chicago opens in 1865 with multiple floors of merchandise Chain stores – retail stores offering the same merchandise under the same ownership Lower prices because they bought in bulk 1870s, F. W. Woolworth begins the Woolworth chain By 1911, it had 596 stores

Thitchener & Glastaeter's Business office 35 John St, New York Thitchener & Glastaeter's Business office 35 John St, New York. NYC, 1870 http://digital.nypl.org/mmpco/eyes.cfm

Lord & Taylor's establishment on Grand Street 1905

Christmas shoppers on Sixth Avenue, New York City

"Interior view of the main floor of the iron-and-glass enclosed Arcade, designed by John M. Eisenmann and George H. Smith, which opened in 1890. The five-floor gallery connects two ten-story office buildings, one on Euclid Avenue and the other on Superior Avenue. The Arcade today is a part of the Hyatt Hotel and still provides downtown workers with a place for lunch and shopping."

Urban Issues Noise Traffic jams Slums and poverty Crime Pollution Poor sanitation Public health problems

Housing in the City Development of row houses – pack many families into one area “Slum” - thickly populated, run-down, squalid part of a city, inhabited by poor people. Many slums develop near factories Segregated by race / ethnicity Tenements – overcrowded, unsanitary multifamily dwellings in cities By 1900, ½ of New Yorkers – about 1.6 million people – lived in tenements 1879 NYC passes first standards for plumbing and ventilation in apartments Airshaft to provide an outside window for each room; though often it became a garbage chute and made matters worse

The Tenement House Commission Report of 1900 http://www.fordham.edu/academics/colleges__graduate_s/undergraduate_colleg/fordham_college_at_l/special_programs/honors_program/hudsonfulton_celebra/homepage/progressive_movement/tenements_32232.asp The Tenement House Commission Report of 1900 Out of 3,437,202 people living in New York City, 2,372,079 lived in tenements. there were 82,652 tenement buildings in NYC Problems included: poor air and light, danger from fire, lack of separate water-closet and baths, overcrowding, and foul cellars and courts. Families paid twelve to eighteen dollars a month for four “rooms”

The typical tenement was known as a “dumb-bell” tenement. The building was 25 feet wide and 90 feet deep. five to seven floors with four families on each floor. Only four of the fourteen rooms in total receive direct light from the front and back of the building.

The two larger rooms were 10 feet 6 inches wide by 11 feet 8 inches deep and were used as a kitchen and a living room. The other two rooms were used as bedrooms and were extremely small (7 feet wide and 8 feet 6 inches deep)

In the heart of New York's ghetto -- Collier's weekly

Rear view of tenement, 134 1/2 Thompson Street. Lewis Wickes Hine Rear view of tenement, 134 1/2 Thompson Street. Lewis Wickes Hine. February 1912.

NYC 1912 http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.1776mag.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/school-children-around-may-poles-in-central-park-new-york.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.1776mag.com/20-historic-photos-of-new-york-city/&usg=__vBOMMjnBZ0ELHnrtYpAnKFKbV4Q=&h=400&w=600&sz=70&hl=en&start=14&tbnid=cBQ__RbOeXohXM:&tbnh=90&tbnw=135&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhistoric%2Bcentral%2Bpark%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive

Seven Cent Flophouse, 1892. This was the lowest you could go in terms of lodging. More Pictures: http://legacy.www.nypl.org/research/chss/spe/art/photo/abbottex/abbott.html http://wirednewyork.com/forum/showthread.php?t=5010&page=1

1890s Mulberry Bend Photo by Jacob Riis 1890s Mulberry Bend Photo by Jacob Riis. Scan courtesy of Master of Photography http://www.master-of-photography.com

Carnegie’s House in NYC 1903 at East 91st Street at Fifth Avenue (now a museum)

Water Many city residents had no running water or indoor plumbing People collected water in buckets from faucets on the streets Water born illnesses like cholera and typhoid fever were common To make water safer, filtration is started in the 1870s and chlorination begins in 1908 in New Jersey

Sanitation and Services Horse manure and garbage in the streets – no dependable trash collection Sewage (human waste) in open gutters that could easily overflow Disease like cholera (bacteria – food or water), typhoid fever (bacteria – food or water), dysentery (food or water and person to person) – all diarrhea Worst Cholera outbreak was 1832 Causes violent cramps, vomiting and diarrhea, with dehydration so rapid and severe the blood thickens and the skin becomes deathlike and blue, patient can die in a matter of hours Ghost Map: http://www.theghostmap.com/ 1880s – 3 serious outbreaks in NYC NYC had a mortality rate equal to medieval London Not until the 1900s did cities begin sanitation departments NYC and Cleveland had the first water treatment

Communicable disease Overcrowding was a serious threat to public health Tuberculosis: also known as “consumption,” “phthisis,” or “white plague” is a bacteria which attacks the lungs and destroys tissue. can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. spread through the air from one person to another. symptoms include coughing up blood or phlegm About 80% of those individuals who developed active tuberculosis died of it. Caused more deaths in industrialized countries than any other disease during the 1800s. About 40% of working-class deaths in cities were from tuberculosis. Antibiotics not invented until 1928 – not used until 1940s “Tuberculosis in Europe and North America, 1800–1922.” Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics: harvard.edu 2012, http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/tuberculosis.html

Small pox http://www.npr.org/2011/04/05/135121451/how-the-pox-epidemic-changed-vaccination-rules

Crime Increase in crime as the population grew City police (NYC 1844) forces were too small and often corrupt Development of organized crime / gangs common Italian mafias travel to the US in the late 1800s. Danger! A True History of a Great City's Wiles and Temptations by Howe and Hummel written about NYC in 1886 – like a guide to crime http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/24717

Fire Risk Limited water, use of candles and kerosene in homes, and a large number of wooden structures made fires inevitable Most city firefighters were volunteers Cincinnati first in nation to establish a paid fire department in 1853. By 1900, most cities had professional fire departments. Example – Great Chicago Fire of 1871 Started by a cow? Burned for 24 hours 300 dead 17,500 buildings destroyed Property loss of $200 million

Impact of the San Francisco Earth Quake and Fire of 1906 (go to power point slide show) http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/06.html

Works Cited “The History of the Elevator” About.com. 2005. 26 September 2005. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blelevator.htm Boyer, Paul and Sterling Stucky. The American Nation. Austin: Holt, Reinhart, and Winston: 2001. “Through Your Eyes New York in the 1800s.” The New York Public Library. 2002. 26 September 2005. http://digital.nypl.org/mmpco/eyes.cfm

San Fran Fire The San Francisco earthquake struck at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday, April 18, 1906 resulted in a massive fire that lasted several days. 3,000 people died 80% of San Francisco was destroyed and between 227,000 and 300,000 people were left homeless “The Great 1906 Earthquake And Fire.” The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco: http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/06.html

The Great Fire as seen from a ferry boat in the Bay.

Fire around the Call Building at Third and Market Streets. Emporium, at Powell and Market, is at right.

“Ham and Egg” fire burns at Grove and Laguna streets. View is along Grove Street. City Hall dome can be seen in the smoke cloud.

Close-up view of refugees fleeing along Grove Street. The large clusters of refugees along the street suggest they are involved in rescuing trapped persons.

Crowds gather at Market and Laguna streets to flee the Great Fire Crowds gather at Market and Laguna streets to flee the Great Fire. Building at lower center right still survives as do along Laguna. Almost all others pictured here burned.

View from Laguna and Market streets of the Great Fire burning through the Mission District.

View of the Great Fire as seen from Chinatown.

Dreadful earthquake damage, along Grant Ave., in Chinatown.

Refugees search for souvenirs on sidewalk in front of the Stanford mansion on Powell Street at California.

Sunken cobblestone paving along Spear at Market Street.

Ruined homes and pavement on Dore Street near Folsom.

Mission Dolores on Dolores at 16th street, and the wrecked Parish church next to it.

Damaged warehouse in the area of Nineteenth and Folsom streets.

Earthquake-wrecked water main near Crystal Springs Reservoir in San Mateo County.

Broken water mains on Valencia between 18th and 19th streets.

Refugees built shanties from any available materials to house themselves after the disaster. This encampment is near the Marina. The Army later provided tents for refugees.

Museum of the City of San Francisco Prepared by The Museum of the City of San Francisco ©2000 Gladys Cox Hansen

Why? Corruption - Crime controls the city Very fast population growth Poverty – no money to clean up Lack of infrastructure NO REGULATION!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!