Unit 8A: Motivation and Emotion: Motivation

Unit Overview Motivational Concepts Hunger Sexual Motivation The Need to Belong Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Introduction Motivation

Motivational Concepts

Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (fixed pattern) Instincts in animals Instincts in humans

Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

Drives and Incentives Drive-reduction theory Homeostasis Need Drive

Drives and Incentives Incentive Positive and negative

Optimum Arousal Arousal Optimum level of arousal

A Hierarchy of Motives Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Variations in the hierarchy

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

A Hierarchy of Motives

Abraham Maslow suggested that “A person who is lacking food, love, and self-esteem would most likely hunger for food more strongly than anything else.” Conversely, the novelist Dostoyevski wrote, “Without a firm idea of himself and the purpose of his life, man cannot live even if surrounded with bread.” Give evidence that would lead you to support both statements.

Students should reference Maslow's hierarchy of needs when providing evidence for Maslow's quote. To support this idea the student should give an example in which an organism is motivated to choose food or drink (or safety, or any of the lower needs on the hierarchy) rather than friendship, group belongingness, and so on (any of the needs higher on the hierarchy). To support Dostoyevski's quote, students should give an example opposite the Maslow example, in which an organism chooses to forgo food, safety, and such needs in favor of group belongingness or self-actualization needs (such as a monk fasting in a quest for spiritual enlightenment).

Males: 2-T, 3-F, 4-T, 5-T, 7-F, 9-F, 10-T, 11-T, In developing the scale, the authors analyzed results for males and females separately, because prior studies of food aversion indicated significant sex differences. These separate item analyses yielded somewhat different scales for males and females. Males: 2-T, 3-F, 4-T, 5-T, 7-F, 9-F, 10-T, 11-T, 12-T, 15-F, 16-F, 17-T, 18-F, 19-T, 24-T, 25-T, 26-T, 27-T, 32-T, 33-T, 34-F, 37-F, 38-T, 39-T, 42-T, 45-F, 46-F, 47-F, 51-T, 52-T, 53-T, 54-T, 58-F, 60-T, 61-T, 63-T, 64-T. Females: 1-T, 2-T, 4-T, 5-T, 6-T, 8-T, 9-F, 10-T, 11-T, 12-T, 13-F, 14-T, 15-T, 16-F, 17-T, 18-F, 19-T, 20-T, 21-T, 22-T, 23-F, 26-T, 27-T, 28-F, 29-T, 30-F, 31-F, 34-F, 35-F, 36-F, 39-T, 40-T, 41-T, 43-F, 44-T, 45-F, 48-F, 49-F, 50-T, 51-T, 52-T, 53-T, 54-T, 55-F, 56-F, 57-F, 59-T, 61-T, 62-T, 63-T, 65-T

Hunger

The Physiology of Hunger Contractions of the stomach Washburn study

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Glucose Insulin Hypothalamus Lateral hypothalamus orexin Vetromedial hypothalamus

The Physiology of Hunger Body Chemistry and the Brain Appetite hormones Ghrelin Obestatin PYY Leptin Set point Basal metabolic rate

The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences: Biology and Culture Genetic: sweet and salty Neophobia Adaptive taste preferences

Although Jan appears to be underweight, she is afraid of becoming fat and consistently restricts her food intake. Although Gene appears to be overweight, he enjoys eating and always eats as much as he wants. Explain how their different reactions to food might result from (a) differences in their inner bodily states and (b) differences in their reactions to external incentives.

Students should discuss the potential impact of “internal bodily states” such as set point and basal metabolic rate on the different eating behaviors of Jan and Gene. Students should also discuss at least one of the psychological influences on eating, such as unit bias, taste preferences, cultural norms about body size (e.g., cultural ideal of thinness), and neophobia.

The Psychology of Hunger Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa Bulimia nervosa Binge-eating disorder

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Level of Analysis for Our Hunger Motivation

Obesity and Weight Control Historical explanations for obesity Obesity Definition Statistics Obesity and life expectancy

Obesity

Obesity

Obesity and Weight Control The Social Effects of Obesity Weight discrimination Psychological effects of obesity

Weight Discrimination

Weight Discrimination

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Fat Cells

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism

Obesity and Weight Control The Physiology of Obesity The genetic factor The food and activity factor Sleep loss Social influence Food consumption and activity level

Obesity and Weight Control Losing Weight Realistic and moderate goals Success stories Attitudinal changes

Which of the following is most clearly NOT an example of an incentive? social disapproval a romantic movie a low blood glucose level the smell of rotten eggs a day of vacation

lateral; obestatin lateral; orexin medial; obestatin When a rat's blood sugar level decreases, the ________ hypothalamus releases the hunger-triggering hormone ________. lateral; obestatin lateral; orexin medial; obestatin ventromedial; orexin medial; testosterone

In terms of the role of the family environment on eating disorders, research has discounted which of the following factors? higher rates of childhood obesity competitive, high-achieving families childhood sexual abuse mother's preoccupation with weight and appearance higher-than-usual incidences of negative self-evaluation

anorexia nervosa. a low set point. erotic plasticity. obesity. One gene scan of 40,000 people worldwide identified a variant of a gene called FTO. This gene nearly doubles the risk of anorexia nervosa. a low set point. erotic plasticity. obesity. bulimia.

Need Homeostasis Instinct Drive incentive Which of the following refers to a physiological state that usually triggers a state of motivational arousal? Need Homeostasis Instinct Drive incentive

social facilitation set point Homeostasis drive reduction Studies show that people tend to eat much more in social situations, such as parties and celebrations. Which psychological principle best explains why we overeat in these situations? social facilitation set point Homeostasis drive reduction basal metabolic rate

Prisoners of war placed on a semistarvation diet in which their food intake is cut in half are likely to lose half their original body weight. show an increased interest in sex and politics. spend a great deal of time daydreaming about food. stop consciously experiencing thoughts about hunger. dream about objects that symbolize food (latent content).

Sexual Motivation

The Physiology of Sex The Sexual Response Cycle Excitement phase Plateau phase Orgasm Resolution phase Refractory period

The Physiology of Sex Hormones and Sexual Behavior Effects of hormones Development of sexual characteristics Activate sexual behavior Estrogen Testosterone

The Psychology of Sex External stimuli Imagined stimuli Dreams Sexual fantasies

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Levels of Analysis for Sexual Motivation

Adolescent Sexuality Teen Pregnancy Ignorance Minimal communication about birth control Guilt related to sexual activity Alcohol use Mass media norms of unprotected promiscuity

Adolescent Sexuality Sexually Transmitted Infections Statistics of STIs Teen abstinence High intelligence Religious engagement Father presence Participation in service learning programs xxx

Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics Homosexual orientation Heterosexual orientation Sexual orientation statistics

Sexual Orientation Origins of Sexual Orientation Origins of sexual orientation studies Fraternal birth order effect Same-sex attraction in animals The brain and sexual orientation Genes and sexual orientation Prenatal hormones and sexual orientation

The Need to Belong

The Need to Belong Aiding survival Wanting to belong Sustaining relationships The pain of ostracism ostracism

The End

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Definition Slides

Motivation = a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

Instinct = a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Drive-reduction Theory = the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

Homeostasis = a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level.

Incentive = a positive or negative environment stimulus that motivates behavior

Hierarchy of Needs = Maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.

Glucose = the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger.

Set Point = the point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

Basal Metabolic Rate = the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure.

Anorexia Nervosa = an eating disorder in which a person (usually an adolescent female) diets and becomes significantly (15 percent or more) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

Bulimia Nervosa = an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Binge-eating Disorder = significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa.

Sexual Response Cycle = the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson – excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Refractory Period = a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm.

Estrogens = sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amount by females than males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

Testosterone = the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.

Sexual Orientation = an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation).